Merge branch 'main' of https://git.mslockbo.org/mslockbo/fennec

Messed up some files and git wants to merge

.gdbinit

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+python
+import sys, os.path
+print(os.path.abspath("./gdb"))
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath("./gdb"))
+import fennec
+fennec.register_printers(gdb.current_objfile())
+end

.gitignore

@@ -3,3 +3,4 @@
 /docs/
 /bin/
 /lib/
+/doxy/README.md

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -20,19 +20,38 @@ cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.30)
 project(fennec)
 
 # External dependencies should be loaded here
-
-# CppTrace is a dependency of the project, added as a git submodule
 add_subdirectory(external/cpptrace)
 
 set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 23)
 set(CMAKE_C_STANDARD 23)
 set(FENNEC_SOURCE_DIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR})
 
+add_custom_target(fennec-dependencies
+        COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E echo "Running dependencies."
+        COMMENT "Running dependencies."
+)
+
+macro(fennec_add_sources)
+    list(APPEND FENNEC_EXTRA_SOURCES ${ARGN})
+endmacro()
+
+macro(fennec_add_definitions)
+    list(APPEND FENNEC_COMPILE_DEFINITIONS ${ARGN})
+endmacro()
+
+macro(fennec_add_link_libraries)
+    list(APPEND FENNEC_LINK_LIBRARIES ${ARGN})
+endmacro()
+
 # include scripts
+include("${FENNEC_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/version.cmake")
 include("${FENNEC_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/platform.cmake")
 include("${FENNEC_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/build.cmake")
 include("${FENNEC_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/compiler.cmake")
 
+# common defines
+list(APPEND FENNEC_COMPILE_DEFINITIONS "NULL=0")
+
 # find dependencies
 find_package(Doxygen)
 fennec_check_platform()
@@ -55,15 +74,36 @@ add_library(fennec STATIC
 
 # CORE =================================================================================================================
         include/fennec/core/engine.h source/core/engine.cpp
+        include/fennec/core/event.h  source/core/event.cpp
+
+        include/fennec/core/system.h
+
+
+# SCENE ================================================================================================================
+        include/fennec/scene/scene.h
+        include/fennec/scene/component.h
 
 
 # CONTAINERS ===========================================================================================================
+        include/fennec/containers/containers.h
+
         include/fennec/containers/array.h
+        include/fennec/containers/deque.h
         include/fennec/containers/dynarray.h
+        include/fennec/containers/graph.h
+        include/fennec/containers/list.h
         include/fennec/containers/map.h
+        include/fennec/containers/object_pool.h
         include/fennec/containers/optional.h
         include/fennec/containers/pair.h
+        include/fennec/containers/rdtree.h
         include/fennec/containers/set.h
+        include/fennec/containers/traversal.h
+        include/fennec/containers/tuple.h
+        include/fennec/containers/variant.h
+
+
+        include/fennec/containers/detail/_tuple.h
 
 
 # LANG =================================================================================================================
@@ -77,26 +117,31 @@ add_library(fennec STATIC
         include/fennec/lang/intrinsics.h
         include/fennec/lang/limits.h
         include/fennec/lang/numeric_transforms.h
-        include/fennec/lang/sequences.h
+        include/fennec/lang/const_sequences.h
+        include/fennec/lang/startup.h
         include/fennec/lang/type_identity.h
+        include/fennec/lang/type_operators.h
         include/fennec/lang/type_sequences.h
         include/fennec/lang/type_traits.h
         include/fennec/lang/type_transforms.h
+        include/fennec/lang/typeuuid.h
         include/fennec/lang/types.h
         include/fennec/lang/utility.h
         include/fennec/lang/integer.h
 
-        include/fennec/lang/detail/__bits.h
-        include/fennec/lang/detail/__int.h
-        include/fennec/lang/detail/__numeric_transforms.h
-        include/fennec/lang/detail/__stdlib.h
-        include/fennec/lang/detail/__type_traits.h
-        include/fennec/lang/detail/__type_transforms.h
-        include/fennec/lang/detail/__type_sequences.h
-
         include/fennec/lang/assert.h source/lang/assert.cpp
 
 
+        include/fennec/lang/detail/_bits.h
+        include/fennec/lang/detail/_int.h
+        include/fennec/lang/detail/_numeric_transforms.h
+        include/fennec/lang/detail/_stdlib.h
+        include/fennec/lang/detail/_type_traits.h
+        include/fennec/lang/detail/_type_transforms.h
+        include/fennec/lang/detail/_type_sequences.h
+        include/fennec/lang/detail/_typeuuid.h
+
+
 # MEMORY ===============================================================================================================
         include/fennec/memory/new.h source/memory/new.cpp
 
@@ -105,9 +150,9 @@ add_library(fennec STATIC
         include/fennec/memory/common.h
         include/fennec/memory/memory.h
         include/fennec/memory/pointers.h
-        include/fennec/memory/ptr_traits.h
+        include/fennec/memory/pointer_traits.h
 
-        include/fennec/memory/detail/__ptr_traits.h
+        include/fennec/memory/detail/_ptr_traits.h
 
 # DEBUG ================================================================================================================
         source/debug/assert_impl.cpp
@@ -142,41 +187,42 @@ add_library(fennec STATIC
         include/fennec/math/ext/trigonometric.h
 
 
-        include/fennec/math/detail/__fwd.h
-        include/fennec/math/detail/__math.h
-        include/fennec/math/detail/__matrix.h
-        include/fennec/math/detail/__types.h
-        include/fennec/math/detail/__vector_traits.h
+        include/fennec/math/detail/_fwd.h
+        include/fennec/math/detail/_math.h
+        include/fennec/math/detail/_matrix.h
+        include/fennec/math/detail/_types.h
+        include/fennec/math/detail/_vector_traits.h
 
-# FPROC ================================================================================================================
+
+# langproc ================================================================================================================
 
         # Strings
-        include/fennec/fproc/strings/cstring.h
-        include/fennec/fproc/strings/locale.h
-        include/fennec/fproc/strings/string.h
+        include/fennec/langproc/strings/cstring.h
+        include/fennec/langproc/strings/locale.h
+        include/fennec/langproc/strings/string.h
 
-        include/fennec/fproc/strings/detail/__ctype.h
+        include/fennec/langproc/strings/detail/_ctype.h
 
         # Filesystem
-        include/fennec/fproc/filesystem/file.h source/fproc/filesystem/file.cpp
-        include/fennec/fproc/filesystem/path.h source/fproc/filesystem/path.cpp
+        include/fennec/langproc/filesystem/file.h source/langproc/filesystem/file.cpp
+        include/fennec/langproc/filesystem/path.h source/langproc/filesystem/path.cpp
+
 
 # PLATFORM =============================================================================================================
+
         include/fennec/platform/interface/fwd.h
-
-        include/fennec/platform/interface/dialog.h
-        include/fennec/platform/interface/display.h
-        include/fennec/platform/interface/window.h   source/platform/interface/window.cpp
         include/fennec/platform/interface/platform.h source/platform/interface/platform.cpp
+        include/fennec/platform/interface/display.h  source/platform/interface/display.cpp
+        include/fennec/platform/interface/gfxcontext.h
+        include/fennec/platform/interface/gfxsurface.h
 
 
+# EXTRA SOURCES ========================================================================================================
+
         ${FENNEC_EXTRA_SOURCES}
-        include/fennec/lang/type_operators.h
-        include/fennec/containers/tuple.h
-        include/fennec/containers/detail/__tuple.h
 )
 
-add_dependencies(fennec metaprogramming)
+add_dependencies(fennec metaprogramming fennec-dependencies)
 
 target_compile_definitions(fennec PUBLIC
     ${FENNEC_COMPILE_DEFINITIONS}
@@ -188,8 +234,9 @@ target_link_options(fennec PRIVATE ${FENNEC_PRIVATE_LINK_OPTIONS}) # Do not comp
 # This implementation is designed to be as readable as possible, and expose information that would otherwise be obfuscated
 
 target_link_libraries(fennec PRIVATE
-        cpptrace::cpptrace
         ${FENNEC_LINK_LIBRARIES}
+
+        cpptrace::cpptrace
 )
 
 
@@ -202,6 +249,7 @@ file(COPY logo DESTINATION docs/logo)
 if(DOXYGEN_FOUND)
     add_dependencies(fennec fennecdocs)
     set(DOXY_OUTPUT_DIR "${FENNEC_SOURCE_DIR}/docs")
+    set(DOXY_EXAMPLES_DIR "${FENNEC_SOURCE_DIR}/examples")
     get_filename_component(DOXYGEN_PROJECT_NAME ${FENNEC_SOURCE_DIR} NAME) # Set Doxy Project name to the name of the root dir
     set(DOXYGEN_CONFIG_IN "${FENNEC_SOURCE_DIR}/doxy/Doxyfile.in") # Input config file with preprocessor arguments
     set(DOXYGEN_CONFIG_OUT "${FENNEC_SOURCE_DIR}/doxy/Doxyfile") # Generated config file from input

PLANNING.md

@@ -1,658 +0,0 @@
-
-
-# Planning Documentation for fennec
-
-## Table of Contents
-
- 1.  [Introduction](#introduction)
- 2.  [TODO](#todo)
-     1. [Security Ramblings](#file-security-ramblings)
-     2. [Platform Support](#platform--api-support)
- 3.  [C++ Language](#c-language-library-lang)
- 4.  [Math Library](#math-library-math)
- 5.  [Memory Library](#memory-library-memory)
- 6.  [Containers Library](#containers-library-containers)
- 7.  [Format Processing](#format-processing-fproc)
- 8.  [Core](#core-core)
-     1. [Tick](#tick)
-     2. [Frame](#frame)
- 9.  [Platform Support Layer](#platform-support-layer-platform)
- 10. [Scene](#scene-scene)
- 11. [2D Graphics](#2d-graphics-gfx2d)
- 12. [3D Graphics](#3d-graphics-gfx3d)
-     1. [Structures](#structures-gfx3d)
-     2. [Stages](#stages-gfx3d)
- 13. [3D Physics](#3d-physics-physics3d)
- 14. [Artificial Intelligence](#artificial-intelligence-ai)
-
-
-
-## Introduction
-
-This file serves as a general planning document for engine structure, systems, pipelines, and implementation.
-
-
-Implementations of core engine systems should strive to be `O(1)` in implementations, 
-both in terms of runtime and memory performance. This is obviously not a realistic goal, 
-so rather than the goal requiring the entire engine to be `O(1)`, we should more specifically look
-at achieving `O(1)` performance on hot paths. I distinctly use 'strive' and 'goal' as different concepts, where designs
-should *strive* to accommodate function implementations for `O(1)`, however the specifics of the implementation might not always
-be able to achieve that, so the end *goal* is that hot paths should be `O(1)`.
-
-Functions should be highly verbose and any bugprone or erroneous behaviour should throw
-assertions. **DO NOT USE EXCEPTIONS**.
-
-System implementations should be independent of architecture or platforms. i.e. the code of the graphics system should 
-not care if OpenGL or Vulkan is used and should not use any direct calls to OpenGL or Vulkan.
-
-The engine should not care about the types of objects loaded from a so/dll. In fact, most of the code should
-be type independent. Any shared information among a collection of objects should be held either implicitly or explicitly
-in the super-class. It will be the responsibility of the linked code to initialize and cleanup the objects related to it.
-This principle should extend to the submodules of the engine.
-
-It is also best to avoid objects having behaviour that is not defined by the system they are in. There are some exceptions
-in extensions or mods and should be given configurability and programmability within those systems and their stages.
-This however can be achieved using events at different stages of those engines that are on-demand.
-
-
-
-
-
-## TODO
-
- - 2D Graphics (`gfx2d`)
- - 2D Physics (`physics2d`)
- - 2D & 3D Audio (`audio`)
-
-
-### File Security Ramblings:
-
-Windows is starting to piss me off, so I am considering dropping official support for MSVC. MinGW and Cygwin
-will still work for compiling on Windows if this ends up being the case. The reason for this is that there are
-*a lot* of platform dependent security issues. MinGW and Cygwin wrap Linux and glibc headers for Windows, which would 
-push the security onus onto the compiler and end-user.
-
-The biggest blocker at the moment in terms of this is the filesystem. If we want to implement a filesystem that
-is safe across platforms, stdc++ *and* iso libc have no guarantees about the safety of their functions.
-
-The crux of this issue falls at the following specific behaviour:
- - User selects an existing file to write to
- - Application interface confirms overwrite action
- - Application writes to the file after confirmation
-
-A threat actor can introduce a malicious file or symlink to the file that was attempted access between the check and  
-usage of the file. This is called TOCTOU (time of check, time of use).
-
-This issue can be solved using `fopen("<file>", "a+")` and `ftell`, however this specific behaviour is not intuitive to  
-those first learning how to work with file systems. We can attempt to abstract this away with another wrapper, or simply  
-write the file structure to handle this behaviour properly. The downside to this method overall is that it will break  
-common conventions of how humans interpret filesystems and the related control flow logic. What we can do is force the  
-`'+'` flag to always be present for write operations, and raise an error when desired, if the file is not empty. This  
-unfortunately would have the downside of being unable to open a file as write only.
-
-Using `"wx"` in this instance would not be sufficient since it would require a second call to fopen, which would  
-create the conditions for the TOCTOU error described above.
-
-Another issue arises when we are parsing a directory tree. The best we can do is take ownership of the directory that  
-is opened as the root. However, this requires `dirent.h` which is not implemented in MSVC. A  custom implementation of  
-`dirent.h` may be written for MSVC, however this is one of the few things I am not willing to outsource to another  
-library. Developing our own implementation would take a non-insignificant amount of time, between writing the library,  
-debugging it, and testing for vulnerabilities. As stated above, this implementation is native to MinGW and Cygwin,  
-so we would not have to entirely drop support for Windows. However, MSVC is the most widely used compiler for Windows  
-applications and is native to Visual Studio and VSCode.
-
-What is probably the best solution is to wrap everything in a file interface that does not allow the direct setting of  
-these flags. Then we set our own usage type for the file that informs which flags should be used. 
-
-We need to be able to handle the following types of files:
- - Assets, such as scenes, audio, textures, metadata, meshes, etc.
- - Save files, setting files, etc.
-
-One of the nice things about the assets is that they are guaranteed to be read-only once an application is installed  
-on the computer of the end-user. Therefore, this issue only arises with save files and custom file formats.
-
-When the editor is run, all these files should be opened in read/write mode.
-
-Naming conventions should exist for the types of files and how they are read. For example, in release mode,  
-most assets should be opened once, and then closed immediately. However, this does not make sense for formats  
-that are continuous and too large to be kept around in memory, such as video formats.
-
-Perhaps the following conventions:
- - Static Asset
- - Stream Asset
- - Resource
-
-We can turn this into an object-oriented approach by having different formats inherit these base types. We may still  
-have a base file type that wraps C functionality, but discourage developers from using the interface. 
-
-We could also declare the file interface extern so that only internal files know the implementation. However, I would  
-not be satisfied by doing this since it would prevent developers from implementing custom file type implementations.
-
-Conserving memory is not really an issue here as long as we are smart about our implementation. Files should only be  
-open when necessary and be closed when it is no longer necessary to have them open. Data should be streamed unless the  
-all the data in the file is required.
-
-When built in release mode, we also need to pack static assets into some sort of archive that is mountable to reduce  
-disk space consumption of a program.
-
-I was considering encryption for archives, however it does not make much sense. Assuming someone intends to pirate the  
-game, there is not much stopping them from running the files. I will add Steam support at some point which would allow  
-you to use Steam's DRM to prevent the executable from being run. Otherwise, there is no point in attempting to encrypt  
-game files. Even Unreal PAK files can be cracked in seconds, and even if I managed to write something that cannot be  
-trivially cracked locally, you can scrape most assets from the GPU and Audio Card.
-
-I have managed to solve the specific case provided at the top of this section, which was done by wrapping C I/O calls  
-into a file wrapper. This wrapper can handle a few different mode flags and has specific conditions for the flags. See  
-the documentation for `fennec/fproc/io/file.h` for more info.
-
-One question remains unanswered on this front; should a read/write file open as `r+` or `a+`. `rewind` is slightly faster  
-than `fseek(SEEK_END)`, however for the case of save files and editor assets, `r+` makes more sense from a usage perspective
-
-Directories remain an issue, with `dirent.h` being the only sensible option at time of writing. The issue with using  
-`dirent.h` boils back down to security issues on Windows. However, the only option is to write a custom implementation  
-for MSVC.
-
-
-### Platform & API Support
-
-I have decided to forgo SDL, this is so the engine can provide specific support for specific platforms.
-Also, SDL implements a lot of things that will need to be implemented specifically for the engine, so only the window
-management would be used.
-
-Platform support will be implemented in the following order:
- - Linux/BSD
-   - Wayland
-     - XKB
-     - OpenGL (EGL)
-     - PulseAudio
-     - Vulkan
-   - X11
-     - OpenGL (EGL)
-     - ALSA
-     - Vulkan
- - Microsoft Windows
-   - XInput
-   - OpenGL
-   - DirectSound
-   - Vulkan
- - Android
-   - OpenGL ES
- - macOS
- - iOS
-
-Most consoles will never get official platform support due to NDAs which conflict with the principles of this engine.
-fennec will avoid using proprietary libraries except when strictly necessary, such as support for Windows and MacOS.
-fennec will interact with any drivers required for the listed operating systems above, even if proprietary.
-
-
-## C++ Language Library (`lang`)
-
-Implement header files for standard functions relating to the C++ Language.
-
-So far this is implemented on an as-needed basis. A full implementation should be worked on continuously.
-
-
-
-
-
-## Math Library (`math`)
-
-Implement math functions according to the [OpenGL 4.6 Shading Language Specification](https://registry.khronos.org/OpenGL/specs/gl/GLSLangSpec.4.60.pdf).
-
-"Extensions" has a different meaning here. Extensions for the math library are any functions that are not defined within
-the Specification.
-
-Additional extensions should be implemented to provide standard definitions for functions predominantly related
-to Linear Algebra, Mathematical Analysis, and more specifically Discrete Analysis. Additional extensions will be 
-implemented on an as-needed basis.
-
-
-
-
-
-## Memory Library (`memory`)
-
-Implement headers related to memory allocation in C++.
-
- * Smart Pointers
-   * Unique Pointer
-   * Shared Pointer
-
- - Memory Allocation
-   - Allocation
-   - 
-
-
-
-
-## Containers Library (`containers`)
-
-All containers of the [C++ Standard Library](https://cppreference.com/w/cpp/container.html) should be implemented.
-
-Here are essential data-structures not specified in the C++ stdlib:
- - Graph &rarr; AI `graph`
-   - Necessary for 2D and 3D navigation.
- - Rooted Directed Tree &rarr; Scene `rd_tree`
-   - Defines the scene structure.
-
-
-
-
-
-## Format Processing (`fproc`)
-
-This library contains information for any data that is formatted. This includes basic string formats, file formats,
-and eventually programming languages
-
-fennec should be able to use Doxygen and LaTeX externally. Consider including binaries with releases.
-
-### Notes
-
- * String Analysis (`fproc/strings`)
-   * Search
-   * Manipulation
-   * Delimiting
-   * Regex
-
- - File Formats (`fproc/formats`)
-   - Serialization
-     - JSON
-     - HTML
-     - XML
-     - YAML
-   - Configuration
-     - INI
-     - TOML
-   - Documents
-     - ODF
-     - Markdown
-     - PDF
-   - Spreadsheets & Tables
-     - ODS
-     - CSV
-   - Audio Formats
-     - MP3
-     - WAV
-     - AAC
-   - Graphics Formats
-     - Textures
-       - BMP
-       - DDS
-       - JPG
-       - PNG
-       - TIFF
-     - Vectors
-       - OTF
-       - SVG
-       - TTF
-     - Models
-       - FBX
-       - Wavefront OBJ
-   - Video Formats
-     - MP4
-     - AVI
-     - MPG
-     - MOV
-
-**TODO LATER**
- * Compilation  (`fproc/code`)
-   * Lexical Analysis
-   * Syntax Analysis
-   * Semantic Analysis
-   * Intermediate Code Generation
-   * Optimization
-   * Target Code Generation
-
-
-
-
-
-## Core (`core`)
-
-This will be the core of the engine.
-
- - Event System
-   - Most events will fire at the start of the next tick, especially those related to physics and input.
-   - Events for graphics or audio should propagate immediately.
-   - Events for stages should also propagate immediately, this is to support extensions and mods.
- - Core Engine Loop
-   - System Manager
-   - Ticks vs. Frames
-
-The following systems are not essential to the core engine, but are instead major systems that should be defined
-in their operation order:
-
-### Tick
- - **Update**
-   - Events
-   - Scripts
-   - AI
- - **Physics**
-   - Newtonian Commit
-     - Apply Forces (Updates Acceleration and Torque)
-     - Apply Torque & Acceleration (Updates Velocities)
-     - Apply Velocities (Updates Position and Rotation)
-   - Constraint Resolution
-   - Collision Detection
-   - Collision Resolution
-   - Collision Response
-     - Calculate Forces & Velocities
-     - Queue events for next tick
-
-
-### Frame
- - **Physics**
-   - Physics Interpolation
- - **Graphics**
-   - [2D Graphics](#2d-graphics-gfx2d)
-   - Generate 3D Mask
-   - [3D Graphics](#3d-graphics-gfx3d)
- - **Audio**
-
-
-
-
-
-## Platform Support Layer (`platform`)
-
-This is the core part of platform support for fennec. All necessary drivers  
-and OS specific functionality will be wrapped up nicely into these interfaces.
-
-See implementation order [here](#platform--api-support)
-
-
-## Scene (`scene`)
-
-* In-Array Directed Tree
-  * Elegant method for providing `O(1)` insertions and `O(log(n))` deletions.
-* Bounding Volume Hierarchy
-    * Octree
-
-
-
-
-
-## 2D Graphics (`gfx2d`)
-
-Links:
- - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadtree
- - https://developer.nvidia.com/gpugems/gpugems3/part-iv-image-effects/chapter-25-rendering-vector-art-gpu
-
-Object Structure. The mesh is implicit data.
-
-
-### Structures (`gfx2d`)
-
-For the 2d rendering framework, Materials need to be rendered independently because we have  
-no size constraints for images. This disallows us from using a meta-shader like in  
-the 3d rendering framework.
-
-```c++
-struct Object
-{
-    vec2 location, scale; // A matrix would be 36 bytes, this is instead 20 bytes
-    float rotation;
-}
-```
-
- - BVH
-   - Quadtree
-     - Leaf Size and Tree Depth should be calculated by the scene, constraints are as follows:
-       - Min Object Size
-       - Max Object Size
-       - Scene Center
-       - Scene Edge
-     - Insertions and Updates are done on the CPU
-     - Nodes
-       - Start Index 32-bits
-       - Object Count 32-bits
-     - Objects
-       - Buffer of Object IDs grouped by Octree Node
-   - Culling
-     - Starting at each Octree Leaf, traverse upwards.
-     - Insert Visible Leaf IDs
-       - Track using atomic buffer
-   - Generate the Command Buffer for Culled Meshes from the Visible Leaf Buffer
-     - Count Materials
-     - Count Meshes per Material
-   - Generate the Culled Object Buffer by copying objects from the Object Buffer
-     - Adjust Buffer Size using the counts
-     - Insert using another atomic buffer
-
- - Translucent objects will be sorted. We can cheat by using a z-index instead of a z-coordinate.  
-   This will allow us to sort objects as they are created. We can still bulk render each z-index,  
-   with meshes and objects being grouped by material.
-
-
-
-
-
-## 3D Graphics (`gfx3d`)
-
-Links:
-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octree
-- https://www.adriancourreges.com/blog/2015/11/02/gta-v-graphics-study/
-- https://learnopengl.com/PBR/Lighting
-- https://learnopengl.com/PBR/IBL/Diffuse-irradiance
-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlick%27s_approximation
-- https://pixelandpoly.com/ior.html
-- https://developer.download.nvidia.com/SDK/10/opengl/screenshots/samples/dual_depth_peeling.html
-
-**DirectX will never have official support.**
-If you would like to make a fork, have at it, but know that I will hold a deep disdain for you.
-
-The graphics pipeline will have a buffer with a list of objects and their rendering data.  
-This will be referred to as the Object Buffer. There will be two, for both the Deferred and Forward Passes.
-
-The buffers will be optimized by scene prediction.  
-This involves tracking the meshes and textures directly and indirectly used by a scene.  
-A callback function in the graphics system for scene loading can do this.
-
-
-Materials and Lighting models will be run via a shader metaprogram to make the pipeline independent of this aspect. 
-This allows the GPU to draw every single deferred rendered mesh in a single draw call for each stage of the renderer.
-
-Specifications for debugging views via early breaks are included in the stages.
-
-
-
-### Structures (`gfx3d`)
-
-Object Structure. The mesh is implicit data.
-
-```c++
-struct Object
-{
-    vec3 location, scale; // A matrix would be 64 bytes, this is instead 28 bytes
-    quat rotation;
-    int material;
-}
-```
-
-Textures for 3D rendering are stored in various buffers with sizes of powers of 2.
-Ratios of `1:1` and `2:1` are allowed. The `2:1` ratio is specifically for spherical and cylindrical projection.
-UVs may be transformed to use a `2:1` as if it were `1:2`.
-Cubemaps may only be `1:1`, I would be concerned if you are using any other ratio.
-
- - 8-Bit R Texture `4096, 2048, 1024, 512` (8)
- - 8-Bit RG Texture `4096, 2048, 1024, 512` (8)
- - 8-Bit RGB Texture `4096, 2048, 1024, 512` (8)
- - 8-Bit RGBA Texture `4096, 2048, 1024, 512` (8)
- - 8-Bit RGB Cubemap `1024, 512, 256, 128` (4)
-
- * 16-Bit HDR RGB Texture `4096, 2048, 1024, 512` (8)
- * 16-Bit HDR RGBA Texture `4096, 2048, 1024, 512` (8)
- * 16-Bit HDR RGB Cubemap `1024, 512, 256, 128` (4)
-
- - 16-Bit Shadow Texture `4096, 2048, 1024, 512` (8)
- - 16-Bit Shadow Cubemap `2048, 1024, 512, 256` (4)
-
-Documentation should provide guidelines on categories of Art Assets and the resolution of textures to use.
-
-Textures are identified by an 8-bit integer and 16-bit integer.
- - `int8` &rarr; the texture buffer
- - `int16` &rarr; the layer in the buffer
-
-Artists should be informed on the texture structure of the engine and its limitations.
-However, these principles should be followed in other game engines as these are
-guided by what is most efficient for typical GPU hardware.
-
-
-Materials are, for the most part, user-defined. Documentation should make the user aware of this.
-Material buffers will be a sequence of the Material Struct instances.
-They will at the very least contain the id of their shader.
-
-
-
-
-
-### Stages (`gfx3d`)
-
-This is the set of stages for the graphics pipeline that runs every frame:
-Unless otherwise specified, each stage will be run on the GPU.
-
- - BVH
-   - Octree `(8 Bpn, 64 bpn) [6-Layers ≈ 2.1MB]`
-     - Leaf Size and Tree Depth should be calculated by the scene, constraints are as follows:
-       - Min Object Size
-       - Max Object Size
-       - Scene Center
-       - Scene Edge
-     - Buffer has implicit locations due to the tree having 8 children.
-     - Insertions and Updates are done on the CPU
-     - Nodes
-       - Start Index `int32`
-       - Object Count `int32`
-     - Objects
-       - Buffer of Object IDs grouped by Octree Node
-   - Leaf Culling
-     - Starting at each Octree Leaf, traverse upwards.
-     - Insert Visible Leaf IDs
-       - Track using atomic buffer
-   - Generate the Command Buffer for Culled Mesh LODs from the Visible Leaf Buffer
-     - Track counts using atomic buffers
-     - To avoid double counting due to the construction of the Octree output, we have some options
-       - Ignore Leaf Instances based on occurrences of the mesh in the surrounding 8 Quadtree Leaves. This would require
-         a bias towards a specific corner of the filter.
-       - Perform a preprocessing step on the CPU to erase duplicate elements and fix the buffer continuity.
-       - Let the duplicates be rendered.
-     - Generate the Culled Object Buffer with the respective object IDs
-       - Adjust Buffer Size using the counts
-       - Insert by reusing the count buffer, clipped to only contain used meshes
-
-Debug View: Object ID, Mesh ID, LOD
-
-- Visibility
-  - Buffer `(15 Bpp, 120 bpp) [1920x1080] ≈ 39.4MB`
-    - Depth Buffer &rarr; `D24`
-    - Visibility Info &rarr; `RGB32I`
-      - R = Object ID
-      - G = Mesh ID
-      - B = Material ID
-  - Regenerate the Command Buffer for Visible Mesh LODs
-  - Regenerate the Culled Object Buffer
-
-Debug View: Visibility Buffer
-
-* G-Buffer Pass `(17 Bpp, 136 bpp) [1920x1080] ≈ 35.3MB`
-    * Depth - Stencil &rarr; `D24_S8`
-        * S &rarr; used to represent the lighting model.
-    * Diffuse &rarr; `RGBA8`
-      * A &rarr; Ambient Occlusion
-    * Emission &rarr; `RGB8`
-    * Normal &rarr; `RGB8`
-    * Specular &rarr; `RGB8`
-        * R &rarr; Roughness
-        * G &rarr; Specularity (sometimes called the Metallicness)
-        * B &rarr; Index of Refraction (IOR)
-
-Debug View: Depth, Stencil, Diffuse, Emission, Normal, Specularity
-
-- Deferred Lighting Pass `(10 Bpp, 80 bpp) [1920x1080] ≈ 2 x 16.3MB + 8.3MB ≈ 24.6MB`
-    - Depth Buffer &rarr; `D24`
-    - Lighting Buffer &rarr; `RGB16` (w/ Mipmapping when Bloom or DoF are enabled)
-    - Stencil Buffer $rarr; `S8`
-    - Generate Dynamic Shadows
-    - Generate Dynamic Reflections (Optional)
-    - SSAO (Optional)
-    - Apply Lighting Model
-
-Debug View: Shadows, Reflections, SSAO, Deferred Lighting
-
-* Forward Pass
-    * BVH, Same as Above
-    * LOD Selection, Same as Above
-    * Translucent Materials
-      * Dual Depth Peeling
-
-Debug View: Forward Mask
-
-- Post Processing
-    - Depth of Field (Optional)
-      - When enabled, the Visiblity Buffer, G-Buffer, and Deferred Lighting Pass will be double layered.
-      - At this point the Lighting Buffers will be Flattened
-    - Bloom (Optional) &rarr; Mipmap Blurring `(6Bpp, 48bpp) [1920x1080] ≈ 16.3MB`
-    - Tonemapping (Optional)
-    - HDR Correction
-
-
-
-
-## 3D Physics `(physics3d)`
-
-Links:
-- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264839743_Simulating_Ocean_Water
-- https://arxiv.org/pdf/2109.00104
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rSKMYc1CQHE
-- https://tflsguoyu.github.io/webpage/pdf/2013ICIA.pdf
-- https://animation.rwth-aachen.de/publication/0557/
-- https://github.com/InteractiveComputerGraphics/PositionBasedDynamics?tab=readme-ov-file
-- https://www.cs.umd.edu/class/fall2019/cmsc828X/LEC/PBD.pdf
-
-Systems
-
-* Rigid Body Physics
-    * Newtonian Physics and Collision Resolution
-    * Articulated Skeletal Systems
-        * Inverse Kinematics
-        * Stiff Rods
-- Particle Physics
-* Soft Body Physics
-    * Elastics &rarr; Finite Element Simulation
-    * Cloth &rarr; Position-Based Dynamics
-    * Water
-        * Oceans &rarr; iWave
-            * Reasoning: iWave provides interactive lightweight fluid dynamics suitable for flat planes of water.
-              <br><br>
-
-        * 3D Fluid Dynamics &rarr; Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics
-            * Reasoning: This is the simplest method for simulating 3D bodies of water. This should exclusively be
-              used for small scale simulations where self-interactive fluids are necessary. I.E. pouring water into
-              a glass.
-              <br><br>
-
-        * 2D Fluid Dynamics &rarr; Force-Based Dynamics
-            * Reasoning: This model, like iWave, provides lightweight interactive fluid dynamics, but is more easily
-              adapted to flowing surfaces such as streams and rivers.
-
-
-
-
-
-## Artificial Intelligence (`ai`)
-
-This artificial intelligence method only differs in static generation between 2D and 3D.
-The solvers are dimension independent since they work on a graph.
-
-The general process is; 
-
-Static:
- - generate a static navigation graph (sometimes called a NavMesh)
-
-Update:
- * resolve dynamic blockers
- * update paths using dijkstra's algorithm
- * apply rigid-body forces with constraints
-
-The update loop for artificial intelligence should only update every `n` ticks. Where `n <= k`, with `k` being the
-tick rate of the physics engine.

READINGS.md

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 # Readings
 
-Here is a list of relevant books and articles on various concepts related to  
+Here is a list of relevant books and articles on various concepts related to
 developing a game engine and its subsystems.
 
  - Game Engine Architecture, Ed. 3 – Jason Gregory

README.md

@@ -8,17 +8,23 @@
 
 <br><br>
 
-## Table of Contents
+<a id="table-of-contents"></a>
+<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
+
+  * [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
+  * [Introduction](#introduction)
+    * [Coding Standards](#coding-standards)
+  * [Building from Source](#building-from-source)
+    * [Building from Terminal](#building-from-terminal)
+      * [Debian](#debian) &rarr; `apt`
+      * [Arch](#arch) &rarr; `pacman`
+      * [Fedora](#fedora) &rarr; `dnf`
+    * [Building on Windows](#building-on-windows)
+  * [Running the Test Suite](#running-the-test-suite)
+  * [Usage](#usage)
+    * [Licensing](#licensing)
+  * [Contribution](#contribution)
 
- 1. [Introduction](#introduction)
-    1. [Coding Standards](#coding-standards)
- 2. [Building from Source](#building-from-source)
-    1. [Building from Terminal](#building-from-terminal)
-    2. [Building on Windows](#building-on-windows)
- 3. [Running the Test Suite](#running-the-test-suite)
- 4. [Usage](#usage)
- 5. [Contribution](#contribution)
- 6. [Documentation](./documentation.html)
 
 <br>
 <br>
@@ -27,8 +33,8 @@
 <a id="introduction"></a>
 ## Introduction
 
-&ensp; fennec is designed to be a general purpose, educational game engine. fennec  
-may be used through the provided editor application, or as a standalone library to   
+&ensp; fennec is designed to be a general purpose, educational game engine. fennec
+may be used through the provided editor application, or as a standalone library to 
 link against your application.
 
 
@@ -38,7 +44,7 @@ link against your application.
 <a id="coding-standards"></a>
 ### Coding Standards
 
-Interfacing with the API in C++ follows the [GNU Coding Standards](https://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/html_node/index.html).  
+Interfacing with the API in C++ follows the [GNU Coding Standards](https://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/html_node/index.html).
 Some main areas where the engine strays from the GNU standard includes the following:
 
 * [Section 4.7, Standards for Graphical Interfaces](https://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/html_node/Graphical-Interfaces.html).
@@ -46,23 +52,23 @@ Some main areas where the engine strays from the GNU standard includes the follo
 - [Section 6.1, GNU Manuals](https://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/html_node/GNU-Manuals.html)
   fennec does not use Texinfo and instead uses Doxygen. Otherwise, it follows the other standards of this section.
 * [Section 7, The Release Process](https://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/html_node/Managing-Releases.html)
-  fennec follows most of the conventions in this section, however the build system used is CMake and not  
+  fennec follows most of the conventions in this section, however the build system used is CMake and not
   Makefile. CMake, although overwhelming at first, is much more friendly to those who are learning build systems for the first time.
 
 <br>
 
 fennec Standards:
 
- * As per the GNU standard, macros should be `SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE`. Additionally, Macros should be preceded by  
+ * As per the GNU standard, macros should be `SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE`. Additionally, Macros should be preceded by
    `<APP_NAME>_`. Macros that wrap C-Style functions may use normal `snake_case`.
 
- - Header Guards should be implemented using `#ifndef`, `#define`, and `#endif` for portability.  
-   The naming convention for Header Guards is as follows: `<APP_NAME>_<DIRECTORY_PATH>_<FILE_NAME>_H`.  
-   I.E. the engine file `fennec/lang/utility.h` has the Header Guard `FENNEC_LANG_UTILITY_H`.  
+ - Header Guards should be implemented using `#ifndef`, `#define`, and `#endif` for portability.
+   The naming convention for Header Guards is as follows: `<APP_NAME>_<DIRECTORY_PATH>_<FILE_NAME>_H`.
+   I.E. the engine file `fennec/lang/utility.h` has the Header Guard `FENNEC_LANG_UTILITY_H`.
 
- * Helper Functions, in the case of classes, should be private.  
-   In the case of global functions, helpers should be placed in a similarly named file in a subdirectory and namespace  
-   called `detail`. Helper functions should be documented with C-Style comments, however it is not necessary to provide  
+ * Helper Functions, in the case of classes, should be private.
+   In the case of global functions, helpers should be placed in a similarly named file in a subdirectory and namespace
+   called `detail`. Helper functions should be documented with C-Style comments, however it is not necessary to provide
    Doxygen documentation.
 
  - **DO NOT USE C++ EXCEPTIONS** they will not be supported because they are shit.<sup>[[1]](#f1)</sup>
@@ -72,19 +78,19 @@ fennec Standards:
 <br><br>
 
 <a id="f1"></a>
-<sup>[1]</sup> If we were to use the exception paradigm for all erroneous behaviour, we couldn't guarantee  
-               that the state will not be corrupted when an exception is thrown. The behaviour afterward is undefined  
-               because of this, and we also don't really know when, how, or where that exception will be handled.  
-               The assertion paradigm is better at handling this because you are defining erroneous behaviour in the  
-               code and how it is handled. In a debug build we can immediately halt the program, we don't care about  
-               the state afterward, only beforehand. Now for a release build, this is first and foremost a game engine,  
-               so we want to crash as gracefully as possible, prevent data loss, and get some debug information for it.  
-               fennec defines its own `assert` macro to be used, defining a hook in the private version of the  
-               function. This hook is used to clean up any state information within the engine and may be used to send  
-               immediate events to listeners so that outside functionality may decide how to handle the impending crash.  
-               In Debug Mode there is nothing that can be done to stop the crash, as soon as the branch finishes,  
+<sup>[1]</sup> If we were to use the exception paradigm for all erroneous behaviour, we couldn't guarantee
+               that the state will not be corrupted when an exception is thrown. The behaviour afterward is undefined
+               because of this, and we also don't really know when, how, or where that exception will be handled.
+               The assertion paradigm is better at handling this because you are defining erroneous behaviour in the
+               code and how it is handled. In a debug build we can immediately halt the program, we don't care about
+               the state afterward, only beforehand. Now for a release build, this is first and foremost a game engine,
+               so we want to crash as gracefully as possible, prevent data loss, and get some debug information for it.
+               fennec defines its own `assert` macro to be used, defining a hook in the private version of the
+               function. This hook is used to clean up any state information within the engine and may be used to send
+               immediate events to listeners so that outside functionality may decide how to handle the impending crash.
+               In Debug Mode there is nothing that can be done to stop the crash, as soon as the branch finishes,
                `abort()` will be called.
-    
+
 
 <br>
 
@@ -104,11 +110,11 @@ There are a few reasons for this:
 <a id="building-from-source"></a>
 ## Building from Source
 
-&ensp; fennec uses the CMake build manager. The CMake build script provides several  
+&ensp; fennec uses the CMake build manager. The CMake build script provides several
 targets for building parts of the engine.
 
-&ensp; Using an IDE will streamline the build process for you and add additional configuration  
-options. Eclipse, Visual Studio, and CLion provide built-in support for CMake. VSCode  
+&ensp; Using an IDE will streamline the build process for you and add additional configuration
+options. Eclipse, Visual Studio, and CLion provide built-in support for CMake. VSCode
 is also a viable IDE but involves some extra setup.
 
 | Target                 | Description                                                                            |
@@ -125,6 +131,7 @@ is also a viable IDE but involves some extra setup.
 |-------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
 | C/C++ Compiler    | GCC/G++ is the compiler that fennec is designed around, however, Clang, MSVC, and MinGW may also be used |
 | CMake             | The build manager used by the engine                                                                     |
+| glew              | OpenGL Extension Wrangler, necessary for modern OpenGL                                                   |
 | A build system    | Any build system will work, however, `build.sh` uses Ninja by default.                                   |
 | A memory debugger | Any memory debugger will work, however, `test.sh` uses Valgrind by default.                              |
 | Doxygen           | Doxygen is required for building the documentation for fennec. This is an optional dependency            |
@@ -138,24 +145,66 @@ is also a viable IDE but involves some extra setup.
 `build.sh` provides profiles for building the main engine. Run `./build.sh --help`
 for more info.
 
-&ensp; By default, the CMake generator used is Ninja, which requires Ninja to be installed. You can modify the  
+&ensp; By default, the CMake generator used is Ninja, which requires Ninja to be installed. You can modify the
 build scripts to use another build manager, see the [CMake documentation for available generators](https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/manual/cmake-generators.7.html).
 
+&ensp; I will at no point provide official cross-compilation toolchains for fennec. However, I will provide tools for
+using specific toolchains for specific platforms that necessitate this. The primary examples would be Android and iOS.
+If you wish to build for Windows *and* Linux, your options are WSL or Dual Boot. I recommend Dual Boot over WSL.
 
-&ensp; I will at no point provide official cross-compilation toolchains for fennec. However, I will provide tools for  
-using specific toolchains for specific platforms that necessitate this. The primary examples would be Android and iOS.  
-If you wish to build for Windows *and* Linux, your options are WSL or Dual Boot. I recommend Dual Boot over WSL.  
+
+<a id="debian"></a>
+#### Debian
+
+On Debian-based distributions, you can install dependencies using the following command:
+```shell
+sudo apt install build-essential cmake ninja-build libglew-dev valgrind
+git submodule update --force --init --recursive --remote
+```
+
+for Doxygen run:
+```shell
+sudo apt install doxygen graphviz
+```
+
+<a id="arch"></a>
+#### Arch
+
+On Arch-based distributions, you can install dependencies using the following command:
+```shell
+sudo pacman -S base-devel cmake ninja glew valgrind
+git submodule update --force --init --recursive --remote
+```
+
+for Doxygen run:
+```shell
+sudo pacman -S doxygen graphviz
+```
+
+<a id="fedora"></a>
+#### Fedora
+
+On Fedora-based distributions, you can install dependencies using the following command:
+```shell
+sudo dnf install build-essential g++ cmake ninja-build glew-devel valgrind
+git submodule update --force --init --recursive --remote
+```
+
+for Doxygen run:
+```shell
+sudo dnf install doxygen graphviz
+```
 
 <br>
 
 <a id="building-on-windows"></a>
 ### Building on Windows
 
-&ensp; The bash script can be run natively on Windows when WSL is enabled. You do not need to run the  
-script in WSL, simply use the "bash" command in Command Prompt or PowerShell.  The script will require  
+&ensp; The bash script can be run natively on Windows when WSL is enabled. You do not need to run the
+script in WSL, simply use the "bash" command in Command Prompt or PowerShell.  The script will require
 the build [dependencies](#dependencies) installed and configured to be available on the `PATH` environment variable.
 
-Fore more details, [see this blog post](https://blogs.windows.com/windows-insider/2016/04/06/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-14316/) for Windows Build 14316.
+For more details, [see this blog post](https://blogs.windows.com/windows-insider/2016/04/06/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-14316/) for Windows Build 14316.
 
 Otherwise, follow the sequence of commands provided in the bash script.
 
@@ -178,8 +227,8 @@ The value of `<profile>` may be one of the following:
 
 <br>
 
-&ensp; If you would like to use Visual Studio without CMake, you can use the build script to generate  
-a Visual Studio project for the source. For a list of available Visual Studio generators, [see this section](https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/manual/cmake-generators.7.html)  
+&ensp; If you would like to use Visual Studio without CMake, you can use the build script to generate
+a Visual Studio project for the source. For a list of available Visual Studio generators, [see this section](https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/manual/cmake-generators.7.html)
 of the CMake docs. Running the following command will generate the Visual Studio project.
 
 ```commandline
@@ -194,9 +243,9 @@ cmake -G "Visual Studio 17 2022" -A x64
 
 `test.sh` provides profiles for building the test suite and executes them.
 
-&ensp; By default, the program runs in debug mode and the first failed test will throw an assertion.  
-Any tests that involve running as an application will spawn a subprocess with a window, and give  
-a short description of the behaviour in the terminal. It will then have you confirm whether the  
+&ensp; By default, the program runs in debug mode and the first failed test will throw an assertion.
+Any tests that involve running as an application will spawn a subprocess with a window, and give
+a short description of the behaviour in the terminal. It will then have you confirm whether the
 information displayed is correct.
 
 <br>
@@ -206,33 +255,36 @@ information displayed is correct.
 ## Usage
 
 
+<a id="licensing"></a>
 ### Licensing
 
-The following content of this section is not legal advice, nor is it legally binding, and nor does it change the terms  
+The following content of this section is not legal advice, nor is it legally binding, and nor does it change the terms
 of the license. Please seek legal council if you have any concerns.
 
-&ensp; fennec is licensed under GPLv3. The primary reason for the choice of license is to dissuade corporations from modifying  
-fennec and using it in a commercial manner. This of course does not bar them from using fennec commercially, however  
-it will prevent them from being able to make the derivative work proprietary. You are free to use and redistribute  
-fennec however you wish according to the terms of the license, which does not bar you from commercializing software  
-based on fennec. 
+TLDR; You may license your game under whichever license you please. Any C++ code that is by definition a derivative work
+must be licensed under GPLv3 and freely available, everything else; assets, scripts, design documents, etc. may be under
+the license of your choosing and remain proprietary.
 
-&ensp; If you wish to protect your game files, assets and generated content do not constitute a covered work and may be  
-copyrighted under a non-compliant license. Think of it in terms of using Blender to create a mesh for a game, then  
+&ensp; fennec is licensed under GPLv3. The primary reason for the choice of license is to dissuade corporations from 
+modifying fennec and using it in a commercial manner. This of course does not bar them from using fennec commercially, 
+however it will prevent them from being able to make the derivative work proprietary. You are free to use and redistribute
+fennec however you wish according to the terms of the license, which does not bar you from commercializing software based 
+on fennec. 
+
+&ensp; If you wish to protect your game files, assets and generated content do not constitute a covered work and may be
+copyrighted under a non-compliant license. Think of it in terms of using Blender to create a mesh for a game, then
 licensing that mesh under another license.
 
-Any code that is linked against fennec or uses any part is by definition a covered work must be licensed under GPLv3.
-
-&ensp; Later down the line, I plan on implementing scripts in a manner that allows the script itself to remain proprietary.  
-The scripts will likely be trans-compiled to another language before being compiled to binary, but this is only an   
+&ensp; Later down the line, I plan on implementing scripts in a manner that allows the script itself to remain proprietary.
+The scripts will likely be trans-compiled to another language before being compiled to binary, but this is only an 
 intermediate step and will be erased when no longer needed.
 
-&ensp; As long as you use the official editor, it will properly include licenses in project content when provided a license  
-and the name of the license holder. Archive packs will include the license holders non-GPLv3 license in them and any  
-linked code will be covered by GPLv3 under the name of the license holder. Be aware that the parts of your project  
+&ensp; As long as you use the official editor, it will properly include licenses in project content when provided a license
+and the name of the license holder. Archive packs will include the license holders non-GPLv3 license in them and any
+linked code will be covered by GPLv3 under the name of the license holder. Be aware that the parts of your project
 licensed under GPLv3 must be available upon request.
 
-&ensp; A release project will consist of an executable, a shared library for your code, an archive pak, and streamable assets.  
+&ensp; A release project will consist of an executable, a shared library for your code, an archive pak, and streamable assets.
 The executable and shared library are under the GPLv3 license, while the archive pak and streamable assets are under your license.
 
 It is to my discretion whether I enforce the terms of the license on a party.
@@ -248,7 +300,7 @@ The following practices are more likely to get my attention and enforcement:
    - Subscription-Based Sales Model
    - NFTs or Nonfungible Tokens
 
-I encourage those who wish to commercialize derivative works crowdfund rather than use a sales model. I also ask  
+I encourage those who wish to commercialize derivative works crowdfund rather than use a sales model. I also ask
 that you kindly support me as a developer, I will set up a Buy Me a Coffee link at some point.
 
 GPLv3 is bound by fair use; here is the clause, 17 U.S. Code § 107:
@@ -272,23 +324,23 @@ The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use i
 consideration of all the above factors.
 ```
 
-If you have any questions or concerns, please seek legal council. If you believe someone else has violated the terms  
+If you have any questions or concerns, please seek legal council. If you believe someone else has violated the terms
 of this license, please contact me at [mslockbo@gmail.com](mailto:mslockbo@gmail.com).
 
-I am aware of Universities with Game Development programs such as DigiPen Institute of Technology and Full-Sail  
+I am aware of Universities with Game Development programs such as DigiPen Institute of Technology and Full-Sail
 University which license student work to protect them and the faculty.
 
 Champlain College does not license student projects and constitutes fair use.
 
-I have not worked with Full-Sail University before, so I am not familiar with any of their staff members, and I will  
+I have not worked with Full-Sail University before, so I am not familiar with any of their staff members, and I will
 require legal council to consult with them which may dissuade permission to use my engine. 
 
-I hold a Bachelor's Degree in Computer Science and Real-Time Interactive Simulation from DigiPen Institute of Technology,  
-so I am familiar with their copyright policy. Ask your professor about usage of my engine, and they or someone with  
+I hold a Bachelor's Degree in Computer Science and Real-Time Interactive Simulation from DigiPen Institute of Technology,
+so I am familiar with their copyright policy. Ask your professor about usage of my engine, and they or someone with
 appropriate standing will reach out to me. Eventually, with interest, I may reach out on my own terms to negotiate usage 
 of fennec for educative purposes at DigiPen while retaining their license on student work.
 
-If your University is not listed here, reach out to your professor for permission. Ask them to reach out to me, I am  
+If your University is not listed here, reach out to your professor for permission. Ask them to reach out to me, I am
 willing to work with educational institutes to protect both fennec and student work in accordance to university policy.
 
 <br>

build.sh

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Help()
 Debug()
 {
   mkdir -p build/debug
-  cd ./build/debug
+  cd ./build/debug || exit
   cmake -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -S ../.. -B .
   cmake --build . --target fennec
   cd ../..
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ Debug()
 Release()
 {
   mkdir -p build/release
-  cd ./build/release
+  cd ./build/release || exit
   cmake -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -S ../.. -B .
   cmake --build . --target fennec
   cd ../..
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ Release()
 RelWithDebInfo()
 {
   mkdir -p build/relwithdebinfo
-  cd ./build/relwithdebinfo
+  cd ./build/relwithdebinfo || exit
   cmake -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=RelWithDebInfo -S ../.. -B .
   cmake --build . --target fennec
   cd ../..
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ RelWithDebInfo()
 MinSizeRel()
 {
   mkdir -p build/minsizerel
-  cd ./build/minsizerel
+  cd ./build/minsizerel || exit
   cmake -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=MinSizeRel -S ../.. -B .
   cmake --build . --target fennec
   cd ../..

cmake/build.cmake

@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 #  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 # ======================================================================================================================
 
+# this script handles functionality related to the build process and its info
+
 string(TOLOWER ${CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE} FENNEC_BUILD_NAME)
 message(STATUS "Build: ${FENNEC_BUILD_NAME}")
 

cmake/compiler.cmake

@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 #  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 # ======================================================================================================================
 
+# this script finds the compiler being used
+
 if(${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID} MATCHES "GNU")
 set(FENNEC_COMPILER "GCC")
 include("${FENNEC_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/gcc.cmake")

cmake/default_user.cmake

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# ======================================================================================================================
+#  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+#  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+#
+#  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+#  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+#
+#  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+#  GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+#  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+# ======================================================================================================================
+
+# sets up cmake variables for client vs server
+if(FENNEC_USER_CLIENT)
+    set(FENNEC_USER_CLIENT 1)
+    set(FENNEC_USER_SERVER 0)
+
+    list(APPEND FENNEC_COMPILE_DEFINITIONS FENNEC_USER_CLIENT=1)
+elseif(FENNEC_USER_SERVER)
+    set(FENNEC_USER_CLIENT 0)
+    set(FENNEC_USER_SERVER 1)
+
+    list(APPEND FENNEC_COMPILE_DEFINITIONS FENNEC_USER_SERVER=1)
+else()
+    set(FENNEC_USER_CLIENT 1)
+    set(FENNEC_USER_SERVER 0)
+
+    list(APPEND FENNEC_COMPILE_DEFINITIONS FENNEC_USER_CLIENT=1)
+endif()

cmake/gcc.cmake

@@ -16,8 +16,10 @@
 #  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 # ======================================================================================================================
 
+# this script sets flags and variables for gnu and gnu-like compilers
+
 add_compile_options("-mxsave" "-Wall" "-Wextra" "-pedantic" "-Werror")
 
 set(FENNEC_PRIVATE_LINK_OPTIONS "-nostdlib" "-fno-exceptions" "-fno-rtti" "-fdiagnostics-all-candidates")
 
-list(APPEND FENNEC_COMPILE_DEFINITIONS FENNEC_COMPILER_GCC=1)
+list(APPEND FENNEC_COMPILE_DEFINITIONS _GLIBCXX_INCLUDE_NEXT_C_HEADERS=1 FENNEC_COMPILER_GCC=1 FENNEC_NO_INLINE=[[gnu::noinline]])

cmake/linux.cmake

@@ -16,25 +16,28 @@
 #  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 # ======================================================================================================================
 
+# this script finds and loads libraries related to the Linux operating system. It also sets platform specific variables.
 
 macro(fennec_check_platform)
     # unix
     include("${FENNEC_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/unix.cmake")
 
     # compile definitions
-    list(APPEND FENNEC_COMPILE_DEFINITIONS
+    fennec_add_definitions(
             FENNEC_PLATFORM_NAME="Linux"
             FENNEC_PLATFORM_LINUX=1
     )
 
     # extra source files
-    list(APPEND FENNEC_EXTRA_SOURCES
+    fennec_add_sources(
             include/fennec/platform/linux/platform.h source/platform/linux/platform.cpp
     )
 
-    # includes
-    include("${FENNEC_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/wayland.cmake")
+    if(FENNEC_USER_CLIENT)
+        include("${FENNEC_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/wayland.cmake")
+
+        fennec_check_wayland()
+        fennec_init_graphics()
+    endif()
 
-    # tests
-    fennec_check_wayland()
 endmacro()

cmake/opengl.cmake

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# ======================================================================================================================
+#  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+#  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+#
+#  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+#  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+#
+#  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+#  GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+#  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+# ======================================================================================================================
+
+if(FENNEC_GRAPHICS_WANT_EGL)
+    find_package(OpenGL REQUIRED COMPONENTS EGL)
+    find_package(GLEW REQUIRED)
+    message(STATUS "EGL Requested")
+else()
+    find_package(OpenGL)
+    find_package(GLEW REQUIRED)
+endif()
+
+if(TARGET OpenGL::GL AND TARGET GLEW::GLEW)
+    message(STATUS "Found OpenGL: ${OPENGL_gl_LIBRARY}")
+    fennec_add_link_libraries(OpenGL::GL GLEW::GLEW)
+    fennec_add_definitions(FENNEC_GRAPHICS_OPENGL=1)
+else()
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "No Suitable OpenGL implementation found.")
+endif()
+
+if(FENNEC_GRAPHICS_WANT_EGL)
+    if(NOT TARGET OpenGL::EGL)
+        message(FATAL_ERROR "EGL Library not found.")
+    endif()
+
+    message(STATUS "Found EGL: ${OPENGL_egl_LIBRARY}")
+
+    fennec_add_link_libraries(OpenGL::EGL)
+    fennec_add_definitions(FENNEC_GRAPHICS_EGL=1)
+
+    fennec_add_sources(
+            include/fennec/platform/opengl/lib/fwd.h
+            include/fennec/platform/opengl/lib/enum.h
+            include/fennec/platform/opengl/lib/buffer.h
+            include/fennec/platform/opengl/lib/texture.h
+            include/fennec/platform/opengl/lib/vertex_array.h
+
+            include/fennec/platform/opengl/egl/fwd.h
+            include/fennec/platform/opengl/egl/context.h source/platform/opengl/egl/context.cpp
+            include/fennec/platform/opengl/egl/surface.h source/platform/opengl/egl/surface.cpp
+    )
+endif()

cmake/platform.cmake

@@ -16,8 +16,17 @@
 #  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 # ======================================================================================================================
 
+# this script finds the operating system of the build environment
+
 message(STATUS "OS: ${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME}")
 
+include("${FENNEC_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/default_user.cmake")
+
+# Graphics APIs
+macro(fennec_init_graphics)
+    include("${FENNEC_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/opengl.cmake")
+endmacro()
+
 # Check for Linux
 if(${CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME} MATCHES "Linux")
     set(FENNEC_PLATFORM "Linux")

cmake/unix.cmake

@@ -16,7 +16,14 @@
 #  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 # ======================================================================================================================
 
+# generic unix functionality
+
 # compile definitions
-list(APPEND FENNEC_COMPILE_DEFINITIONS
+fennec_add_definitions(
         FENNEC_PLATFORM_UNIX=1
+)
+
+# extra source files
+fennec_add_sources(
+        include/fennec/platform/unix/platform.h source/platform/unix/platform.cpp
 )

cmake/version.cmake

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# ======================================================================================================================
+#  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+#  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+#
+#  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+#  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+#
+#  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+#  GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+#  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+# ======================================================================================================================
+
+# this script contains the main version
+
+set(FENNEC_VERSION_MAJOR 0)
+set(FENNEC_VERSION_MINOR 1)
+set(FENNEC_VERSION_PATCH 0)
+set(FENNEC_VERSION_STRING "${FENNEC_VERSION_MAJOR}.${FENNEC_VERSION_MINOR}.${FENNEC_VERSION_PATCH}")
+math(EXPR FENNEC_VERSION_NUM "(${FENNEC_VERSION_MAJOR} << 16) | (${FENNEC_VERSION_MINOR} << 8) | ${FENNEC_VERSION_PATCH}")
+
+list(APPEND FENNEC_COMPILE_DEFINITIONS
+        FENNEC_VERSION_MAJOR=${FENNEC_VERSION_MAJOR}
+        FENNEC_VERSION_MINOR=${FENNEC_VERSION_MINOR}
+        FENNEC_VERSION_PATCH=${FENNEC_VERSION_PATCH}
+        FENNEC_VERSION_STRING=${FENNEC_VERSION_STRING}
+        FENNEC_VERSION_NUM=${FENNEC_VERSION_NUM}
+)

cmake/wayland.cmake

@@ -17,6 +17,24 @@
 # ======================================================================================================================
 
 # https://gist.github.com/mariobadr/acc3c8adf4b4e722705be38c3deac59a
+# this script finds libwayland and dependencies
+
+# some of this code is based on SDL3's use of wayland-scanner
+
+macro(fennec_wayland_get_header _SCANNER _XML _FILE)
+    set(_WAYLAND_PROT_H_CODE "${WAYLAND_HEADERS_DIR}/${_FILE}-client-protocols.h")
+    set(_WAYLAND_PROT_C_CODE "${WAYLAND_SOURCES_DIR}/${_FILE}-client.c")
+
+    execute_process(
+            COMMAND ${_SCANNER} client-header "${_XML}" "${_WAYLAND_PROT_H_CODE}"
+    )
+
+    execute_process(
+            COMMAND ${_SCANNER} private-code "${_XML}" "${_WAYLAND_PROT_C_CODE}"
+    )
+
+    fennec_add_sources(${_WAYLAND_PROT_C_CODE} ${_WAYLAND_PROT_H_CODE})
+endmacro()
 
 macro(fennec_check_wayland)
     set(WAYLAND_CLIENT_FOUND 0)
@@ -25,39 +43,80 @@ macro(fennec_check_wayland)
             WAYLAND_CLIENT_INCLUDE_DIR
             NAMES wayland-client.h
     )
-
     find_library(
             WAYLAND_CLIENT_LIBRARY
             NAMES wayland-client libwayland-client
     )
-    get_filename_component(
-            WAYLAND_CLIENT_LIBRARY
-            ${WAYLAND_CLIENT_LIBRARY}
-            NAME
+    find_program(WAYLAND_SCANNER NAMES wayland-scanner)
+
+    # EGL is required
+    find_path(
+            WAYLAND_EGL_INCLUDE_DIR
+            NAMES wayland-egl.h
+    )
+    find_library(
+            WAYLAND_EGL_LIBRARY
+            NAMES wayland-egl libwayland-egl
     )
 
-    if(WAYLAND_CLIENT_INCLUDE_DIR AND WAYLAND_CLIENT_LIBRARY)
-        set(WAYLAND_CLIENT_FOUND 1)
-        add_library(wayland::client UNKNOWN IMPORTED)
+    if( (WAYLAND_CLIENT_INCLUDE_DIR AND WAYLAND_CLIENT_LIBRARY AND WAYLAND_SCANNER)
+    AND (WAYLAND_EGL_INCLUDE_DIR AND WAYLAND_EGL_LIBRARY))
+        message(STATUS "Found Wayland: ${WAYLAND_CLIENT_LIBRARY}")
 
-        set_target_properties(
-                wayland::client PROPERTIES
-                INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES "${WAYLAND_CLIENT_INCLUDE_DIR}"
-                IMPORTED_LINK_INTERFACE_LANGUAGES "C"
-                IMPORTED_LOCATION "${WAYLAND_CLIENT_LIBRARY}"
+        set(WAYLAND_PROTOCOLS_DIR ${FENNEC_SOURCE_DIR}/include/fennec/platform/linux/wayland/lib/protocols)
+        set(WAYLAND_HEADERS_DIR ${FENNEC_SOURCE_DIR}/include/fennec/platform/linux/wayland/lib/headers)
+        set(WAYLAND_SOURCES_DIR ${FENNEC_SOURCE_DIR}/include/fennec/platform/linux/wayland/lib/sources)
+
+        # Search for base protocol xml
+        find_file(WAYLAND_PROTOCOL NAMES wayland.xml PATHS /usr/share/wayland /usr/share/wayland-protocols)
+        file(COPY ${WAYLAND_PROTOCOL} DESTINATION ${WAYLAND_PROTOCOLS_DIR})
+
+        # search for xdg protocols
+        find_file(XDG_SHELL_PROTOCOL NAMES xdg-shell.xml PATHS /usr/share/wayland-protocols/stable/xdg-shell)
+        file(COPY ${XDG_SHELL_PROTOCOL} DESTINATION ${WAYLAND_PROTOCOLS_DIR})
+
+        # include sub-dependencies
+        include("${FENNEC_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/xkb.cmake")
+        fennec_check_xkb()
+
+        # generate protocols, based on SDL3
+        file(GLOB WAYLAND_PROTOCOLS_XML RELATIVE "${WAYLAND_PROTOCOLS_DIR}" "${WAYLAND_PROTOCOLS_DIR}/*.xml")
+        foreach(_XML IN LISTS WAYLAND_PROTOCOLS_XML)
+            get_filename_component(_FILE ${_XML} NAME_WLE)
+            fennec_wayland_get_header("${WAYLAND_SCANNER}" "${WAYLAND_PROTOCOLS_DIR}/${_XML}" "${_FILE}")
+        endforeach()
+
+        # Add sources and libraries
+        get_filename_component(
+                WAYLAND_CLIENT_LIBRARY
+                ${WAYLAND_CLIENT_LIBRARY}
+                NAME
+        )
+        get_filename_component(
+                WAYLAND_EGL_LIBRARY
+                ${WAYLAND_EGL_LIBRARY}
+                NAME
         )
 
-        list(APPEND FENNEC_EXTRA_SOURCES
+        set(WAYLAND_CLIENT_FOUND 1)
+        set(WAYLAND_EGL_FOUND 1)
+        set(FENNEC_GRAPHICS_WANT_EGL 1)
+
+        fennec_add_sources(
                 # Dynamic Library Files
-                include/fennec/platform/linux/wayland/lib/fwd.h
                 include/fennec/platform/linux/wayland/lib/sym.h
-                include/fennec/platform/linux/wayland/lib/sym_def.h
-                include/fennec/platform/linux/wayland/lib/dyn.h source/platform/linux/wayland/lib/dyn.cpp
+                include/fennec/platform/linux/wayland/lib/wayland.h
+                include/fennec/platform/linux/wayland/lib/loader.h source/platform/linux/wayland/lib/loader.cpp
 
                 # Fennec Files
                 include/fennec/platform/linux/wayland/display.h source/platform/linux/wayland/display.cpp
+                include/fennec/platform/linux/wayland/window.h  source/platform/linux/wayland/window.cpp
         )
 
-        list(APPEND FENNEC_COMPILE_DEFINITIONS FENNEC_LIB_WAYLAND="${WAYLAND_CLIENT_LIBRARY}")
+        fennec_add_definitions(
+                FENNEC_HAS_WAYLAND=1
+                FENNEC_LIB_WAYLAND="${WAYLAND_CLIENT_LIBRARY}"
+                FENNEC_LIB_WAYLAND_EGL="${WAYLAND_EGL_LIBRARY}"
+        )
     endif()
 endmacro()

cmake/xkb.cmake

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+# ======================================================================================================================
+#  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+#  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+#
+#  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+#  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+#
+#  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+#  GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+#  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+# ======================================================================================================================
+
+# this script finds libxkbcommon and dependencies
+
+macro(fennec_check_xkb)
+    set(XKB_FOUND 0)
+
+    find_path(
+            XKB_INCLUDE_DIR
+            NAMES xkbcommon/xkbcommon.h
+    )
+    find_library(
+            XKB_LIBRARY
+            NAMES xkbcommon libxkbcommon
+    )
+
+    if(XKB_INCLUDE_DIR AND XKB_LIBRARY)
+        message(STATUS "Found XKB: ${XKB_LIBRARY}")
+
+        get_filename_component(
+                XKB_LIBRARY
+                ${XKB_LIBRARY}
+                NAME
+        )
+
+        set(XKB_FOUND 1)
+
+        fennec_add_sources(
+                # Dynamic Library Files
+                include/fennec/platform/linux/xkb/lib/sym.h
+                include/fennec/platform/linux/xkb/lib/xkb.h
+                include/fennec/platform/linux/xkb/lib/loader.h source/platform/linux/xkb/lib/loader.cpp
+
+                # Fennec files
+        )
+
+        fennec_add_definitions(
+                FENNEC_HAS_XKB=1
+                FENNEC_LIB_XKB="${XKB_LIBRARY}"
+        )
+    endif()
+endmacro()

doxy/DoxyLayout.xml

@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@
     <includes visible="$SHOW_HEADERFILE"/>
     <inheritancegraph visible="$CLASS_GRAPH"/>
     <collaborationgraph visible="yes"/>
+    <detaileddescription title=""/>
     <memberdecl>
       <nestedclasses visible="yes" title=""/>
       <publictypes title=""/>
@@ -83,7 +84,6 @@
       <related title="" subtitle=""/>
       <membergroups visible="yes"/>
     </memberdecl>
-    <detaileddescription title=""/>
     <memberdef>
       <inlineclasses title=""/>
       <typedefs title=""/>
@@ -105,6 +105,7 @@
   <!-- Layout definition for a namespace page -->
   <namespace>
     <briefdescription visible="yes"/>
+    <detaileddescription title=""/>
     <memberdecl>
       <nestednamespaces visible="yes" title=""/>
       <constantgroups visible="yes" title=""/>
@@ -121,7 +122,6 @@
       <variables title=""/>
       <membergroups visible="yes"/>
     </memberdecl>
-    <detaileddescription title=""/>
     <memberdef>
       <inlineclasses title=""/>
       <typedefs title=""/>
@@ -150,6 +150,7 @@
     <includegraph visible="yes"/>
     <includedbygraph visible="yes"/>
     <sourcelink visible="yes"/>
+    <detaileddescription title=""/>
     <memberdecl>
       <interfaces visible="yes" title=""/>
       <classes visible="yes" title=""/>
@@ -167,7 +168,6 @@
       <variables title=""/>
       <membergroups visible="yes"/>
     </memberdecl>
-    <detaileddescription title=""/>
     <memberdef>
       <inlineclasses title=""/>
       <defines title=""/>
@@ -185,6 +185,7 @@
   <group>
     <briefdescription visible="yes"/>
     <groupgraph visible="yes"/>
+    <detaileddescription title=""/>
     <memberdecl>
       <nestedgroups visible="yes" title=""/>
       <modules visible="yes" title=""/>
@@ -210,7 +211,6 @@
       <friends title=""/>
       <membergroups visible="yes"/>
     </memberdecl>
-    <detaileddescription title=""/>
     <memberdef>
       <pagedocs/>
       <inlineclasses title=""/>
@@ -237,6 +237,7 @@
   <module>
     <briefdescription visible="yes"/>
     <exportedmodules visible="yes"/>
+    <detaileddescription title=""/>
     <memberdecl>
       <concepts visible="yes" title=""/>
       <classes visible="yes" title=""/>
@@ -246,7 +247,6 @@
       <variables title=""/>
       <membergroups title=""/>
     </memberdecl>
-    <detaileddescription title=""/>
     <memberdecl>
       <files visible="yes"/>
     </memberdecl>
@@ -256,10 +256,10 @@
   <directory>
     <briefdescription visible="yes"/>
     <directorygraph visible="yes"/>
+    <detaileddescription title=""/>
     <memberdecl>
       <dirs visible="yes"/>
       <files visible="yes"/>
     </memberdecl>
-    <detaileddescription title=""/>
   </directory>
 </doxygenlayout>

doxy/Doxyfile

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ PROJECT_NAME           = fennec
 # could be handy for archiving the generated documentation or if some version
 # control system is used.
 
-PROJECT_NUMBER         = 1.0.2
+PROJECT_NUMBER         = 
 
 # Using the PROJECT_BRIEF tag one can provide an optional one line description
 # for a project that appears at the top of each page and should give viewer a
@@ -944,7 +944,7 @@ WARN_LOGFILE           =
 # Note: If this tag is empty the current directory is searched.
 
 INPUT                  = "/home/medusa/Documents/Work/Personal/fennec/include" \
-                         "/home/medusa/Documents/Work/Personal/fennec/source"  \
+                         "/home/medusa/Documents/Work/Personal/fennec/source" \
                          "/home/medusa/Documents/Work/Personal/fennec/README.md"
 
 # This tag can be used to specify the character encoding of the source files
@@ -1099,7 +1099,7 @@ EXAMPLE_RECURSIVE      = NO
 # that contain images that are to be included in the documentation (see the
 # \image command).
 
-IMAGE_PATH             =
+IMAGE_PATH             = "/home/medusa/Documents/Work/Personal/fennec/doxy/static"
 
 # The INPUT_FILTER tag can be used to specify a program that doxygen should
 # invoke to filter for each input file. Doxygen will invoke the filter program
@@ -1981,7 +1981,7 @@ GENERATE_LATEX         = NO
 # The default directory is: latex.
 # This tag requires that the tag GENERATE_LATEX is set to YES.
 
-LATEX_OUTPUT           = latex
+LATEX_OUTPUT           = ./latex
 
 # The LATEX_CMD_NAME tag can be used to specify the LaTeX command name to be
 # invoked.
@@ -2664,7 +2664,7 @@ TEMPLATE_RELATIONS     = NO
 # The default value is: YES.
 # This tag requires that the tag HAVE_DOT is set to YES.
 
-INCLUDE_GRAPH          = YES
+INCLUDE_GRAPH          = NO
 
 # If the INCLUDED_BY_GRAPH, ENABLE_PREPROCESSING and SEARCH_INCLUDES tags are
 # set to YES then doxygen will generate a graph for each documented file showing
@@ -2676,7 +2676,7 @@ INCLUDE_GRAPH          = YES
 # The default value is: YES.
 # This tag requires that the tag HAVE_DOT is set to YES.
 
-INCLUDED_BY_GRAPH      = YES
+INCLUDED_BY_GRAPH      = NO
 
 # If the CALL_GRAPH tag is set to YES then doxygen will generate a call
 # dependency graph for every global function or class method.

doxy/Doxyfile.in

@@ -944,7 +944,7 @@ WARN_LOGFILE           =
 # Note: If this tag is empty the current directory is searched.
 
 INPUT                  = "@PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR@/include" \
-                         "@PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR@/source"  \
+                         "@PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR@/source" \
                          "@PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR@/README.md"
 
 # This tag can be used to specify the character encoding of the source files
@@ -1099,7 +1099,7 @@ EXAMPLE_RECURSIVE      = NO
 # that contain images that are to be included in the documentation (see the
 # \image command).
 
-IMAGE_PATH             =
+IMAGE_PATH             = "@PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR@/doxy/static"
 
 # The INPUT_FILTER tag can be used to specify a program that doxygen should
 # invoke to filter for each input file. Doxygen will invoke the filter program
@@ -1981,7 +1981,7 @@ GENERATE_LATEX         = NO
 # The default directory is: latex.
 # This tag requires that the tag GENERATE_LATEX is set to YES.
 
-LATEX_OUTPUT           = latex
+LATEX_OUTPUT           = ./latex
 
 # The LATEX_CMD_NAME tag can be used to specify the LaTeX command name to be
 # invoked.
@@ -2664,7 +2664,7 @@ TEMPLATE_RELATIONS     = NO
 # The default value is: YES.
 # This tag requires that the tag HAVE_DOT is set to YES.
 
-INCLUDE_GRAPH          = YES
+INCLUDE_GRAPH          = NO
 
 # If the INCLUDED_BY_GRAPH, ENABLE_PREPROCESSING and SEARCH_INCLUDES tags are
 # set to YES then doxygen will generate a graph for each documented file showing
@@ -2676,7 +2676,7 @@ INCLUDE_GRAPH          = YES
 # The default value is: YES.
 # This tag requires that the tag HAVE_DOT is set to YES.
 
-INCLUDED_BY_GRAPH      = YES
+INCLUDED_BY_GRAPH      = NO
 
 # If the CALL_GRAPH tag is set to YES then doxygen will generate a call
 # dependency graph for every global function or class method.

doxy/custom.css

@@ -286,4 +286,9 @@ html.dark-mode {
 
 td.odd_c {
     background-color: var(--odd-color)
-}
+}
+
+a + h2.groupheader {
+    display:none;
+}
+

doxy/retrieve-emojis.py

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# script to download the emoticons from GitHub and to produce a table for
+# inclusion in Doxygen. Works with python 2.7+ and python 3.x
+import json
+import os
+import argparse
+import re
+try:
+    import urllib.request as urlrequest
+except ImportError:
+    import urllib as urlrequest
+
+unicode_re = re.compile(r'.*?/unicode/(.*?).png\?.*')
+
+def get_emojis():
+    response  = urlrequest.urlopen('https://api.github.com/emojis')
+    raw_data  = response.read()
+    return json.loads(raw_data)
+
+def download_images(dir_name, silent):
+    if not os.path.exists(dir_name):
+        os.makedirs(dir_name)
+    json_data = get_emojis()
+    num_items = len(json_data)
+    cur_item=0
+    for image,url in sorted(json_data.items()):
+        image_name = image+'.png'
+        cur_item=cur_item+1
+        if url.find('/unicode/')==-1 or not os.path.isfile(dir_name+'/'+image_name):
+            success = True
+            with open(dir_name+'/'+image_name,'wb') as file:
+                if not silent:
+                    print('%s/%s: fetching %s' % (cur_item,num_items,image_name))
+                try:
+                    file.write(urlrequest.urlopen(url).read())
+                except:
+                    print('Unable to fetch %s' % (image_name))
+                    success = False
+            if not success:
+                os.remove(dir_name+'/'+image_name)
+        else:
+            if not silent:
+                print('%s/%s: skipping %s' % (cur_item,num_items,image_name))
+
+def produce_table():
+    json_data = get_emojis()
+    lines = []
+    for image,url in sorted(json_data.items()):
+        match = unicode_re.match(url)
+        if match:
+            unicodes = match.group(1).split('-')
+            unicodes_html = ''.join(["&#x"+x+";" for x in unicodes])
+            image_str = "\":"+image+":\","
+            unicode_str = "\""+unicodes_html+"\""
+            lines.append('  { %-42s %-38s }' % (image_str,unicode_str))
+    out_str = ',\n'.join(lines)
+    print("{")
+    print(out_str)
+    print("};")
+
+if __name__=="__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+
+    parser.add_argument('-d','--dir',help='directory to place images in')
+    parser.add_argument('-t','--table',help='generate code fragment',action='store_true')
+    parser.add_argument('-s','--silent',help='silent mode',action='store_true')
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    if args.table:
+        produce_table()
+    if args.dir:
+        download_images(args.dir, args.silent)

gdb/fennec/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# ======================================================================================================================
+#  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+#  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+#
+#  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+#  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+#
+#  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+#  GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+#  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+# ======================================================================================================================
+
+
+# GDB CODE =============================================================================================================
+
+import gdb
+
+from . import containers
+from . import strings
+from . import memory
+from . import utility
+from . import filesystem
+from . import math
+
+def register_printers(obj):
+    gdb.printing.register_pretty_printer(obj, containers.printer)
+    gdb.printing.register_pretty_printer(obj, strings.printer)
+    gdb.printing.register_pretty_printer(obj, memory.printer)
+    gdb.printing.register_pretty_printer(obj, filesystem.printer)
+    gdb.printing.register_pretty_printer(obj, math.printer)

gdb/fennec/containers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,481 @@
+# ======================================================================================================================
+#  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+#  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+#
+#  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+#  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+#
+#  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+#  GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+#  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+# ======================================================================================================================
+
+import gdb
+from collections import deque
+
+# OPTIONAL =============================================================================================================
+class OptionalPrinter:
+    """Print a fennec::optional"""
+
+    def __init__(self, val):
+        self.val = val
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        is_initialized = self.val['_set']
+        if is_initialized:
+            return "{{ value = {} }}".format(self.val['_val'])
+        else:
+            return "{ empty }"
+
+# PAIR =================================================================================================================
+class PairPrinter:
+    """Print a fennec::optional"""
+
+    def __init__(self, val):
+        self.val = val
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        return "{ first = " + str(self.val['first']) + ", second = " + str(self.val['second']) + " }"
+
+    def children(self):
+        return ("first", self.val['first']), ("second", self.val['second'])
+
+
+# TUPLE ================================================================================================================
+
+class TuplePrinter:
+    """Print a fennec::tuple"""
+
+    def __init__(self, val):
+        self.fields = val.type.fields()[0].type.fields()
+        self.elems  = val
+        self.count  = len(self.fields)
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        return " { size = " + str(len(self.fields)) + " }"
+
+    def children(self):
+        return (('[{}]'.format(i), self.elems.cast(self.fields[i].type)['value']) for i in range(self.count))
+
+
+
+# ARRAY ================================================================================================================
+class ArrayPrinter:
+    """Print a fennec::array"""
+
+    def __init__(self, val):
+        self.val = val
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        return "{ length = " + str(self.val['elements'].type.range()[1] + 1) + " }"
+
+    def display_hint(self):
+        return 'array'
+
+    def children(self):
+        start = self.val['elements']
+        return (('[{}]'.format(i), start[i]) for i in range(0, self.val['elements'].type.range()[1] + 1))
+
+
+# DYNARRAY =============================================================================================================
+class DynArrayPrinter:
+    """Print a fennec::dynarray"""
+
+    def __init__(self, val):
+        self.val = val
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        return "{ length " + str(self.val['_size']) + ", capacity " + str(self.val['_alloc']['_capacity']) + " }"
+
+    def children(self):
+        size = int(self.val['_size'])
+        start = self.val['_alloc']['_data']
+        return (('[{}]'.format(i), start[i]) for i in range(size))
+
+
+# LIST =================================================================================================================
+class ListPrinter:
+    """Print a fennec::list"""
+
+    class Iterator:
+        def __init__(self, val):
+            self.list = val
+            self.node = self.list['_root']
+            self.index = 0
+            self.table = self.list['_table']['_data']
+
+        def __iter__(self):
+            return self
+
+        def __next__(self):
+            if self.node == 18446744073709551615:
+                raise StopIteration
+
+            i = self.index
+            self.index = self.index + 1
+            value = self.table[self.node]['value']['_val']
+            self.node = self.table[self.node]['next']
+            return '[{}]'.format(i), value
+
+
+
+    def __init__(self, val):
+        self.val = val
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        return "{ length " + str(self.val['_size']) + ", capacity " + str(self.val['_table']['_capacity']) + " }"
+
+    def children(self):
+        return self.Iterator(self.val)
+
+    def display_hint(self):
+        return 'array'
+
+
+# DEQUE ================================================================================================================
+
+class DequePrinter:
+    """Print a fennec::deque"""
+
+    class Iterator:
+        def __init__(self, start):
+            self.node = start
+            self.index = 0
+
+        def __iter__(self):
+            return self
+
+        def __next__(self):
+            if self.node is None:
+                raise StopIteration
+
+            i = self.index
+            value = self.node.dereference()['value']
+
+            self.node = self.node.dereference()['next']
+            self.index = self.index + 1
+
+            return '[{}]'.format(i), value
+
+    def __init__(self, val):
+        self.first = val['_first']
+        self.last  = val['_last']
+        self.size  = val['_size']
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        if self.first is None:
+            return "{ empty }"
+        return "{ length " + str(self.size) + " }"
+
+    def children(self):
+        return self.Iterator(self.first)
+
+
+# SET ==================================================================================================================
+
+class SetPrinter:
+    """Print a fennec::set"""
+
+    class Iterator:
+        def __init__(self, table, capacity):
+            self.table = table
+            self.capacity = capacity
+            self.node = 0
+            self.index = 0
+
+        def __iter__(self):
+            return self
+
+        def __next__(self):
+            while self.node < self.capacity:
+                if self.table[self.node]['value']['_set']:
+                    break
+                self.node = self.node + 1
+
+            if self.node >= self.capacity:
+                raise StopIteration
+
+            i = self.index
+            value = self.table[self.node]['value']['_val']
+            self.node = self.node + 1
+            self.index = self.index + 1
+            return '[{}]'.format(i), value
+
+    def __init__(self, val):
+        self.table    = val['_alloc']['_data']
+        self.capacity = val['_alloc']['_capacity']
+        self.size     = val['_size']
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        if self.size == 0:
+            return "{ empty }"
+        return "{ size = " + str(self.size) + " }"
+
+    def children(self):
+        return self.Iterator(self.table, self.capacity)
+
+
+# MAP ==================================================================================================================
+
+class MapPrinter:
+    """Print a fennec::map"""
+
+    class Iterator:
+        def __init__(self, table, capacity):
+            self.table = table
+            self.capacity = capacity
+            self.node = 0
+            self.index = 0
+            self.move = False
+
+        def __iter__(self):
+            return self
+
+        def __next__(self):
+            while self.node < self.capacity:
+                if self.table[self.node]['value']['_set']:
+                    break
+                self.node = self.node + 1
+
+            if self.node >= self.capacity:
+                raise StopIteration
+
+            i = self.index
+            pair = self.table[self.node]['value']['_val']
+            key = pair['first']
+            val = pair['second']
+
+            if not self.move:
+                self.move = True
+                return 'key' + str(i), key
+            else:
+                self.move = False
+                self.index = self.index + 1
+                self.node = self.node + 1
+                return 'value' + str(i), val
+
+    def __init__(self, val):
+        self.table    = val['_set']['_alloc']['_data']
+        self.capacity = val['_set']['_alloc']['_capacity']
+        self.size     = val['_set']['_size']
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        if self.size == 0:
+            return "{ empty }"
+        return "{ size = " + str(self.size) + " }"
+
+    def children(self):
+        return self.Iterator(self.table, self.capacity)
+
+    def display_hint(self):
+        return 'map'
+
+
+# OBJECT_POOL ==========================================================================================================
+class ObjectPoolPrinter:
+    """Print a fennec::object_pool"""
+
+    class Iterator:
+        def __init__(self, val):
+            self.list = val
+            self.index = 0
+            self.capacity = self.list['_table']['_alloc']['_capacity']
+            self.table = self.list['_table']['_alloc']['_data']
+
+        def __iter__(self):
+            return self
+
+        def __next__(self):
+
+            i = self.index
+            while True:
+                i = self.index
+                self.index = self.index + 1
+
+                if self.index >= self.capacity:
+                    raise StopIteration
+
+                if bool(self.table[i]['_set']):
+                    value = self.table[i]['_val']
+                    break
+
+            return '[{}]'.format(i), value
+
+
+
+    def __init__(self, val):
+        self.val = val
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        return "{ length " + str(self.val['_size']) + ", capacity " + str(self.val['_table']['_alloc']['_capacity']) + " }"
+
+    def children(self):
+        return self.Iterator(self.val)
+
+    def display_hint(self):
+        return 'array'
+
+
+# RDTREE ===============================================================================================================
+
+class RDTreePrinter:
+    """Print a fennec::rdtree"""
+
+    class Iterator:
+        def __init__(self, tree, node, capacity):
+            self.tree = tree
+            self.capacity = capacity
+            self.visit = deque()
+
+            self.visit.append((node, 0, 0))
+
+        def __iter__(self):
+            return self
+
+        def __next__(self):
+            if len(self.visit) == 0:
+                raise StopIteration
+
+            node  = self.visit[0][0]
+            i     = self.visit[0][1]
+            depth = self.visit[0][2]
+            self.visit.popleft()
+
+            value = self.tree[node]['value']
+
+            nnext  = self.tree[node]['next']
+            nprev  = self.tree[node]['prev']
+            nprevc = self.tree[nprev]['child'] if nprev != 18446744073709551615 else 18446744073709551615
+            child  = self.tree[node]['child']
+            n_chld = self.tree[node]['num_children']
+
+            index = '⠀' * depth * 2 # Uses Braille Space, otherwise it would get eaten as whitespace by parsers
+
+            if nnext < self.capacity:
+                self.visit.appendleft((nnext, i + 1, depth))
+
+            if child < self.capacity:
+                self.visit.appendleft((child, 0, depth + 1))
+
+            # ┌ ─ ├ └
+
+            if nnext != 18446744073709551615:
+                index += '├'
+            else:
+                index += '└'
+
+            index += '─'
+            index += '[{}, {}]'.format(node, i)
+            return index, value
+
+
+    def __init__(self, val):
+        self.tree = val['_table']['_data']
+        self.size = val['_size']
+        self.capacity = val['_table']['_capacity']
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        if self.size == 0:
+            return "{ empty }"
+        return "{ size = " + str(self.size) + " }"
+
+    def children(self):
+        return self.Iterator(self.tree, 0, self.capacity)
+
+
+# Graph ================================================================================================================
+
+class GraphPrinter:
+    """Print a fennec::graph"""
+
+    class Iterator:
+        def __init__(self, val):
+            self.node_pool = val['_vertex_pool']['_table']['_alloc']['_data']
+            self.max_nodes = val['_vertex_pool']['_table']['_alloc']['_capacity']
+            self.conn_map  = val['_edge_map']['_alloc']['_data']
+            self.max_conn  = val['_edge_map']['_size']
+            self.index     = 0
+
+        def __iter__(self):
+            return self
+
+        def __next__(self):
+            if self.index >= self.max_nodes:
+                raise StopIteration
+
+            i = self.index
+            self.index = self.index + 1
+
+            while not bool(self.node_pool[i]['_set']):
+                i = self.index
+                self.index = self.index + 1
+
+            conns = self.get_conns(i)
+            value = self.node_pool[i]['_val']
+
+            return '[{} -> {{{}}}]'.format(i, str(conns)), value
+
+
+
+        def get_conns(self, index):
+            indices = []
+
+            if index >= self.max_conn:
+                return indices
+
+            map = self.conn_map[index]['_set']
+            max_conns = map['_alloc']['_capacity']
+            conns = map['_alloc']['_data']
+
+            print(max_conns)
+
+            if max_conns == 0:
+                return indices
+
+            for i in range(0, max_conns):
+                if bool(conns[i]['value']['_set']):
+                    conn = conns[i]['value']['_val']
+                    indices.append(str(int(conn['first'])))
+
+            return indices
+
+    def __init__(self, val):
+        self.val = val
+        self.size = val['_vertex_pool']['_size']
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        if self.size == 0:
+            return "{ empty }"
+        return "{ size = " + str(self.size) + " }"
+
+    def children(self):
+        return self.Iterator(self.val)
+
+
+
+# GDB Code =============================================================================================================
+
+def register_printers():
+    print("registering containers")
+    pp = gdb.printing.RegexpCollectionPrettyPrinter("fennec::containers")
+    pp.add_printer('fennec::array',       '^fennec::array<.*>$',       ArrayPrinter)
+    pp.add_printer('fennec::deque',       '^fennec::deque<.*>$',       DequePrinter)
+    pp.add_printer('fennec::dynarray',    '^fennec::dynarray<.*>$',    DynArrayPrinter)
+    pp.add_printer('fennec::graph',       '^fennec::graph<.*>$',       GraphPrinter)
+    pp.add_printer('fennec::list',        '^fennec::list<.*>$',        ListPrinter)
+    pp.add_printer('fennec::map',         '^fennec::map<.*>$',         MapPrinter)
+    pp.add_printer('fennec::object_pool', '^fennec::object_pool<.*>$', ObjectPoolPrinter)
+    pp.add_printer('fennec::optional',    '^fennec::optional<.*>$',    OptionalPrinter)
+    pp.add_printer('fennec::pair',        '^fennec::pair<.*>$',        PairPrinter)
+    pp.add_printer('fennec::set',         '^fennec::set<.*>$',         SetPrinter)
+    pp.add_printer('fennec::rdtree',      '^fennec::rdtree<.*>$',      RDTreePrinter)
+    pp.add_printer('fennec::tuple',       '^fennec::tuple<.*>$',       TuplePrinter)
+    return pp
+
+printer = register_printers()

gdb/fennec/filesystem.py

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# ======================================================================================================================
+#  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+#  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+#
+#  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+#  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+#
+#  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+#  GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+#  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+# ======================================================================================================================
+
+import gdb
+
+
+# PATH =================================================================================================================
+class PathPrinter:
+    def __init__(self, val):
+        self.val = val['_str']['_str']
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        value = "\"" + self.val['_data'].string('', 'replace', self.val['_capacity'] - 1) + "\""
+        return value
+
+    def display_hint(self):
+        return 'string'
+
+
+# PATH =================================================================================================================
+class FilePrinter:
+    def __init__(self, val):
+        self.val  = val
+        self.path = val['_path']['_str']['_str']
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        if self.val['_handle']:
+            value = "{ path = \"" + self.path['_data'].string('', 'replace', self.path['_capacity'] - 1) + "\" }"
+            return value
+        return "{ closed }"
+
+    def display_hint(self):
+        return 'string'
+
+
+# GDB Code =============================================================================================================
+
+def register_printers():
+    print("registering filesystem")
+    pp = gdb.printing.RegexpCollectionPrettyPrinter("fennec::filesystem")
+    pp.add_printer('fennec::path', '^fennec::path$', PathPrinter)
+    pp.add_printer('fennec::file', '^fennec::file$', FilePrinter)
+    return pp
+
+printer = register_printers()

gdb/fennec/math.py

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+# ======================================================================================================================
+#  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+#  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+#
+#  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+#  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+#
+#  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+#  GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+#  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+# ======================================================================================================================
+import os
+
+import gdb
+from . import utility
+
+# VECTOR =================================================================================================================
+class VectorPrinter:
+    def __init__(self, val):
+        self.val  = val
+        self.base = val['data']['elements']
+        self.len  = self.base.type.range()[1] + 1
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        res = "< "
+        if self.len > 0:
+            res += "x = "   + str(self.val['x'])
+        if self.len > 1:
+            res += ", y = " + str(self.val['y'])
+        if self.len > 2:
+            res += ", z = " + str(self.val['z'])
+        if self.len > 3:
+            res += ", w = " + str(self.val['w'])
+        res += " >"
+        return res
+
+    def children(self):
+        return (('[{}]'.format(i), self.base[i]) for i in range(self.len))
+
+    def display_hint(self):
+        return 'array'
+
+
+# PATH =================================================================================================================
+class QuaternionPrinter:
+    def __init__(self, val):
+        self.val  = val
+        self.base = val['data']['elements']
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        res = ("< "
+            + str(self.val['x']) + " i + "
+            + str(self.val['y']) + " j + "
+            + str(self.val['z']) + " k + "
+            + str(self.val['w']))
+        res += " >"
+        return res
+
+    def children(self):
+        return (('[{}]'.format(i), self.base[i]) for i in range(4))
+
+    def display_hint(self):
+        return 'array'
+
+
+# VECTOR =================================================================================================================
+class MatrixPrinter:
+    def __init__(self, val):
+        self.columns     = val['data']['elements']
+        self.num_columns = self.columns.type.range()[1] + 1
+        self.num_rows    = val.type.template_argument(1)
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        return "{ rows = " + str(self.num_rows) + ", columns = " + str(self.num_columns) + " }"
+
+    def children(self):
+        return (('[{}]'.format(i), self.columns[i]) for i in range(self.num_columns))
+
+    def display_hint(self):
+        return 'array'
+
+
+# GDB Code =============================================================================================================
+
+def register_printers():
+    print("registering filesystem")
+    pp = gdb.printing.RegexpCollectionPrettyPrinter("fennec::math")
+    pp.add_printer('fennec::vector',     '^fennec::vector<.*>$',     VectorPrinter)
+    pp.add_printer('fennec::quaternion', '^fennec::quaternion<.*>$', QuaternionPrinter)
+    pp.add_printer('fennec::matrix',     '^fennec::matrix<.*>$',     MatrixPrinter)
+    return pp
+
+printer = register_printers()

gdb/fennec/memory.py

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# ======================================================================================================================
+#  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+#  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+#
+#  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+#  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+#
+#  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+#  GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+#  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+# ======================================================================================================================
+
+import gdb
+
+# ALLOCATION ===========================================================================================================
+class AllocationPrinter:
+    def __init__(self, val):
+        self.val = val
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        return "{ capacity = " + str(self.val['_capacity']) + " }"
+
+    def children(self):
+        size = int(self.val['_capacity'])
+        start = self.val['_data']
+        return (('[{}]'.format(i), start[i]) for i in range(size))
+
+
+# GDB Code =============================================================================================================
+
+def register_printers():
+    print("registering memory")
+    pp = gdb.printing.RegexpCollectionPrettyPrinter("fennec::memory")
+    pp.add_printer('fennec::allocation', '^fennec::allocation<.*>$', AllocationPrinter)
+    return pp
+
+printer = register_printers()

gdb/fennec/strings.py

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# ======================================================================================================================
+#  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+#  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+#
+#  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+#  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+#
+#  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+#  GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+#  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+# ======================================================================================================================
+
+import gdb
+
+# CSTRING ==============================================================================================================
+class CStringPrinter:
+    def __init__(self, val):
+        self.val = val
+
+    def display_hint(self):
+        return 'string'
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        value = "\"" + self.val['_str'].string('', 'replace', self.val['_size']) + "\""
+        return value
+
+    def display_hint(self):
+        return 'string'
+
+
+# STRING ===============================================================================================================
+class StringPrinter:
+    def __init__(self, val):
+        self.val = val['_str']
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        value = "\"" + self.val['_data'].string('', 'replace', self.val['_capacity'] - 1) + "\""
+        return value
+
+    def display_hint(self):
+        return 'string'
+
+
+# GDB Code =============================================================================================================
+
+def register_printers():
+    print("registering strings")
+    pp = gdb.printing.RegexpCollectionPrettyPrinter("fennec::strings")
+    pp.add_printer('fennec::cstring',  '^fennec::cstring$',     CStringPrinter)
+    pp.add_printer('fennec::wcstring', '^fennec::wcstring$',    CStringPrinter)
+    pp.add_printer('fennec::string',   '^fennec::_string<.*>$',  StringPrinter)
+    pp.add_printer('fennec::wstring',  '^fennec::_wstring<.*>$', StringPrinter)
+    return pp
+
+printer = register_printers()

gdb/fennec/utility.py

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# ======================================================================================================================
+#  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+#  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+#
+#  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+#  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+#
+#  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+#  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+#  GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+#  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+# ======================================================================================================================
+
+def printMembers(obj):
+    print(str(dir(obj)))

include/fennec/containers/array.h

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 ///
 /// \file array.h
-/// \brief statically allocated array wrapper
+/// \brief A header containing the definition for a static/stack allocated array
 ///
 ///
 /// \details
@@ -40,49 +40,48 @@ namespace fennec
 
 ///
 ///
-/// \brief wrapper for fixed size arrays
+/// \brief Data Structure that defines a compile-time allocated array
 ///
 /// \details
+/// | Property   | Value      |
+/// |:----------:|:----------:|
+/// | stable     |      ✅     |
+/// | dynamic    |      ⛔     |
+/// | homogenous |      ✅     |
+/// | distinct   |      ⛔     |
+/// | ordered    |      ⛔     |
+/// | space      | \f$O(N)\f$ |
+/// | linear     |      ✅     |
+/// | access     | \f$O(1)\f$ |
+/// | find       | \f$O(N)\f$ |
+/// | insertion  |      ⛔     |
+/// | deletion   |      ⛔     |
+///
 /// \tparam ValueT value type
 /// \tparam ElemV number of elements
 template<typename ValueT, size_t ElemV>
-struct array
-{
-	///
-	/// \brief backing c-style array handle
-	ValueT elements[ElemV];
+struct array {
 
-	/// \name Element Access
+// Definitions =========================================================================================================
+public:
+	using value_t = ValueT; ///< Alias for `ValueT`
+
+// Public Members ======================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Public Members
 	/// @{
 
 	///
-	/// \copydetails array::operator[](size_t) const
-	constexpr ValueT& operator[](size_t i) {
-		assertd(i < ElemV, "Array Out of Bounds");
-		return elements[i];
-	}
-
-	///
-	/// \brief access specified element
-	/// \details Returns a reference to the element at \c i
-	/// \param i index of the element to return
-	/// \return reference to the requested element
-	///
-	/// \par Time-Complexity
-	/// Constant
-	///
-	/// \par Space-Complexity
-	/// Constant
-	constexpr const ValueT& operator[](size_t i) const {
-		assertd(i < ElemV, "Array Out of Bounds");
-		return elements[i];
-	}
+	/// \brief backing c-style array handle
+	value_t data[ElemV];
 
 	/// @}
 
 
 
-	/// \name Capacity
+// Properties ==========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Properties
 	/// @{
 
 	///
@@ -99,24 +98,126 @@ struct array
 
 
 
+// Access ==============================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Element Access
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \copydetails array::operator[](size_t) const
+	constexpr value_t& operator[](size_t i) {
+		assertd(i < ElemV, "Array Out of Bounds");
+		return data[i];
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief access specified element
+	/// \details Returns a reference to the element at \c i
+	/// \param i index of the element to return
+	/// \return reference to the requested element
+	///
+	/// \par Time-Complexity
+	/// Constant
+	///
+	/// \par Space-Complexity
+	/// Constant
+	constexpr const value_t& operator[](size_t i) const {
+		assertd(i < ElemV, "Array Out of Bounds");
+		return data[i];
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Access the first element
+	/// \returns A reference to the element at `elements[0]`
+	constexpr value_t& front() {
+		return data[0];
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Const Access the first element
+	/// \returns A const-qualified reference to the element at `elements[0]`
+	constexpr const value_t& front() const {
+		return data[0];
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Access the first element
+	/// \returns A reference to the element at `elements[ElemV - 1]`
+	constexpr value_t& back() {
+		return data[ElemV - 1];
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Const Access the first element
+	/// \returns A const-qualified reference to the element at `elements[ElemV - 1]`
+	constexpr const value_t& back() const {
+		return data[ElemV - 1];
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+
+
+// Comparison ==========================================================================================================
+
 	/// \name Comparison Operators
 	/// @{
 
 	///
-	/// \brief
+	/// \brief Checks if all elements in the arrays are equal
 	friend constexpr bool_t operator==(const array& lhs, const array& rhs) {
-		return array::__compare(lhs, rhs, make_index_sequence<ElemV>{});
+		return array::_compare(lhs, rhs, make_index_sequence<ElemV>{});
 	}
 
+	///
+	/// \brief Checks if any element in the arrays is not equal
 	friend constexpr bool_t operator!=(const array& lhs, const array& rhs) {
-		return not array::__compare(lhs, rhs, make_index_sequence<ElemV>{});
+		return not array::_compare(lhs, rhs, make_index_sequence<ElemV>{});
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+
+// Iteration ===========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Iteration
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief C++ Iterator Specification `begin()`
+	/// \returns A pointer to the first element of the array
+	constexpr value_t* begin() {
+		return data;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief C++ Iterator Specification `end()`
+	/// \returns A pointer to one after the end of the array
+	constexpr value_t* end() {
+		return data + ElemV;
+	}
+
+
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Const C++ Iterator Specification `begin()`
+	/// \returns A const-qualified pointer to the first element of the array
+	constexpr const value_t* begin() const {
+		return data;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Const C++ Iterator Specification `end()`
+	/// \returns A const-qualified pointer to one after the end of the array
+	constexpr const value_t* end() const {
+		return data + ElemV;
 	}
 
 	/// @}
 
 private:
 	template<size_t...i>
-	static bool __compare(const array& lhs, const array& rhs, index_sequence<i...>) {
+	static bool _compare(const array& lhs, const array& rhs, const_index_sequence<i...>) {
 		return ((lhs[i] == rhs[i]) && ...);
 	}
 };

include/fennec/containers/containers.h

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+// =====================================================================================================================
+//  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+//  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+//
+//  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+//  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+//  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+//  (at your option) any later version.
+//
+//  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+//  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+//  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+//  GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+//  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+//  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+// =====================================================================================================================
+
+///
+/// \file containers.h
+/// \brief fennec containers library main header
+///
+///
+/// \details
+/// \author Medusa Slockbower
+///
+/// \copyright Copyright © 2025 Medusa Slockbower ([GPLv3](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html))
+///
+///
+
+#ifndef FENNEC_CONTAINERS_CONTAINERS_H
+#define FENNEC_CONTAINERS_CONTAINERS_H
+
+///
+/// \page fennec_containers Containers Library
+///
+/// \brief The fennec Containers Library.
+///        Includes various data structures, those specified in the C++ Standard Library, and custom data structures
+///        that fennec uses.
+///
+/// \code #include <fennec/containers/containers.h> \endcode
+///
+/// \section fennec_containers_cppstdlib C++ Standard Template Library
+///
+/// | Symbol                                                                      | Implemented | Passed |
+/// |:----------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------:|:------:|
+/// | \ref fennec::any               "fennec::any"                                |      ⛔      |   ⛔    |
+/// | \ref fennec::array             "fennec::array"                              |      ✅      |   ✅    |
+/// | \ref fennec::bitset            "fennec::bitset"                             |      ⛔      |   ⛔    |
+/// | \ref fennec::deque             "fennec::deque"                              |      ⛔      |   ⛔    |
+/// | \ref fennec::dynarray          "fennec::dynarray" `std::vector`             |      🚧     |   🚧   |
+/// | \ref fennec::list              "fennec::list"                               |      ✅      |   ✅    |
+/// | \ref fennec::map               "fennec::map" `std::unordered_map`           |      ✅      |   ✅    |
+/// | \ref fennec::map_sequence      "fennec::map_sequence" `std::map`            |      ⛔      |   ⛔    |
+/// | \ref fennec::multiset          "fennec::multiset" `std::unordered_multiset` |      ⛔      |   ⛔    |
+/// | \ref fennec::multisequence     "fennec::multisequence" `std::multiset`      |      ⛔      |   ⛔    |
+/// | \ref fennec::multimap          "fennec::multimap" `std::unordered_multimap` |      ⛔      |   ⛔    |
+/// | \ref fennec::multimap_sequence "fennec::multimap_sequence" `std::multimap`  |      ⛔      |   ⛔    |
+/// | \ref fennec::optional          "fennec::optional"                           |      ✅      |   ✅    |
+/// | \ref fennec::pair              "fennec::pair"                               |      ✅      |   ✅    |
+/// | \ref fennec::sequence          "fennec::sequence" `std::set`                |      ⛔      |   ⛔    |
+/// | \ref fennec::set               "fennec::set" `std::unordered_set`           |      ✅      |   ✅    |
+/// | \ref fennec::tuple             "fennec::tuple"                              |      🚧     |   🚧   |
+/// | \ref fennec::variant           "fennec::variant"                            |      ⛔      |   ⛔    |
+///
+///
+/// \section fennec_containers_fennec fennec
+///
+/// | Symbol                   | Implemented | Passed |
+/// |:-------------------------|:-----------:|:------:|
+/// | \ref fennec::graph       |      🚧     |   🚧   |
+/// | \ref fennec::object_pool |      🚧     |   🚧   |
+/// | \ref fennec::rdtree      |      ✅      |   ✅    |
+///
+///
+/// \copyright Copyright © 2025 Medusa Slockbower ([GPLv3](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html))
+///
+
+#include <fennec/containers/traversal.h>
+
+#include <fennec/containers/array.h>
+#include <fennec/containers/deque.h>
+#include <fennec/containers/dynarray.h>
+#include <fennec/containers/graph.h>
+#include <fennec/containers/list.h>
+#include <fennec/containers/map.h>
+#include <fennec/containers/object_pool.h>
+#include <fennec/containers/optional.h>
+#include <fennec/containers/pair.h>
+#include <fennec/containers/rdtree.h>
+#include <fennec/containers/set.h>
+#include <fennec/containers/tuple.h>
+
+#endif // FENNEC_CONTAINERS_CONTAINERS_H

include/fennec/containers/deque.h

@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+// =====================================================================================================================
+//  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+//  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+//
+//  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+//  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+//  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+//  (at your option) any later version.
+//
+//  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+//  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+//  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+//  GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+//  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+//  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+// =====================================================================================================================
+
+///
+/// \file deque.h
+/// \brief A header containing the definition for a double-ended queue
+///
+///
+/// \details
+/// \author Medusa Slockbower
+///
+/// \copyright Copyright © 2025 Medusa Slockbower ([GPLv3](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html))
+///
+///
+
+#ifndef FENNEC_CONTAINERS_DEQUE_H
+#define FENNEC_CONTAINERS_DEQUE_H
+
+#include <fennec/memory/allocator.h>
+
+// TODO: Document
+
+namespace fennec
+{
+
+///
+///
+/// \brief Data structure defining a double-ended queue.
+///
+/// \details
+/// This behaves the similar to fennec::list, however it does not allow arbitrary access, insertion, or deletion.
+/// It is one of the few data structures in this library that is stable, i.e. pointers to elements do not change.
+///
+/// | Property   | Value      |
+/// |:----------:|:----------:|
+/// | stable     |      ✅     |
+/// | dynamic    |      ✅     |
+/// | homogenous |      ✅     |
+/// | distinct   |      ⛔     |
+/// | ordered    |      ⛔     |
+/// | space      | \f$O(N)\f$ |
+/// | linear     |      ⛔     |
+/// | access     | \f$O(1)\f$ |
+/// | find       | \f$O(N)\f$ |
+/// | insertion  | \f$O(1)\f$ |
+/// | deletion   | \f$O(1)\f$ |
+///
+/// \tparam TypeT value type
+template<typename TypeT, typename AllocT = allocator<TypeT>>
+struct deque {
+
+// Definitions =========================================================================================================
+public:
+	using value_t = TypeT; ///< Alias for the value type
+	class iterator;
+
+private:
+	struct node {
+		value_t value;
+		node *prev, *next;
+
+		template<typename...ArgsT>
+		node(node* prev, node* next, ArgsT&&...args)
+			: value(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...)
+			, prev(prev), next(next) {
+		}
+
+		~node() = default;
+	};
+
+public:
+	using alloc_t = allocator_traits<AllocT>::template rebind<node>;
+	using elem_t  = node*;
+
+
+// Constructors ========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Constructors & Destructor
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Default Constructor, initializes an empty deque
+	deque()
+		: _alloc()
+		, _first(nullptr)
+		, _last(nullptr)
+		, _size(0) {
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Alloc Constructor, initializes an empty deque with the specified allocator
+	/// \param alloc the allocator to copy
+	deque(const alloc_t& alloc)
+		: _alloc(alloc)
+		, _first(nullptr)
+		, _last(nullptr)
+		, _size(0) {
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Copy Constructor
+	/// \param deque the deque to copy
+	deque(const deque& deque)
+		: _alloc(deque._alloc)
+		, _first(nullptr)
+		, _last(nullptr)
+		, _size(0) {
+		const elem_t node = deque._first;
+		while (node) {
+			this->push_back(node->value);
+			node = node->next;
+		}
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Deque Move Constructor
+	/// \param deque the deque to move
+	deque(deque&& deque) noexcept
+		: _alloc(deque._alloc)
+		, _first(deque._first)
+		, _last(deque._last)
+		, _size(deque._size) {
+		deque._first = nullptr;
+		deque._last  = nullptr;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Destructor, calls deque::clear
+	~deque() {
+		clear();
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+// Properties ==========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Properties
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \returns `true` when the deque is empty, `false` otherwise
+	constexpr bool empty() const {
+		return _size == 0;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \returns the number of elements in size()
+	constexpr size_t size() const {
+		return _size;
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+
+// Access ==============================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Access
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \returns a reference to the first element in the deque
+	value_t& front() {
+		assert(not empty(), "Attempted to access an empty deque.");
+		return _first->value;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \returns a const-qualified reference to the first element in the deque
+	const value_t& front() const {
+		assert(not empty(), "Attempted to access an empty deque.");
+		return _first->value;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \returns a reference to the last element in the deque
+	value_t& back() {
+		assert(not empty(), "Attempted to access an empty deque.");
+		return _last->value;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \returns a const-qualified reference to the last element in the deque
+	const value_t& back() const {
+		assert(not empty(), "Attempted to access an empty deque.");
+		return _last->value;
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+
+// Modifiers ===========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Modifiers
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Push Front Move, moves a value to the front of the deque
+	/// \param elem the value to move
+	void push_front(value_t&& elem) {
+		this->_push_front(elem);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Push Front Copy, copies a value to the front of the deque
+	/// \param elem the value to copy
+	void push_front(const value_t& elem) {
+		this->_push_front(elem);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Emplace Front, constructs a new value at the front of the deque
+	/// \tparam ArgsT Argument types
+	/// \param args Arguments used to construct the value
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	void emplace_front(ArgsT&&...args) {
+		this->_push_front(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+	}
+
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Push Back Move, moves a value to the back of the deque
+	/// \param elem the value to move
+	void push_back(value_t&& elem) {
+		this->_push_back(elem);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Push Back Copy, copies a value to the back of the deque
+	/// \param elem the value to copy
+	void push_back(const value_t& elem) {
+		this->_push_back(elem);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Emplace Back, constructs a new value at the back of the deque
+	/// \tparam ArgsT Argument types
+	/// \param args Arguments used to construct the value
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	void emplace_back(ArgsT&&...args) {
+		this->_push_back(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Clears the contents of the deque
+	void clear() {
+		elem_t it = _first;
+		while (it) {
+			elem_t next = it->next;
+			fennec::destruct(it);
+			_alloc.deallocate(it);
+			it = next;
+		}
+		_first = nullptr;
+		_last  = nullptr;
+		_size  = 0;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Erase the First Element
+	void pop_front() {
+		if (_first == nullptr) {
+			return;
+		}
+		elem_t next = _first->next;
+		fennec::destruct(_first);
+		_alloc.deallocate(_first);
+		_first = next;
+		_last = next ? _last : nullptr;
+		--_size;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Erase the Last Element
+	void pop_back() {
+		if (_last == nullptr) {
+			return;
+		}
+		elem_t prev = _last->prev;
+		fennec::destruct(_last);
+		_alloc.deallocate(_last);
+		_last = prev;
+		_first = prev ? _first : nullptr;
+		--_size;
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+
+// Iteration ===========================================================================================================
+
+	/*
+	 * TODO: Decide whether you should be able to iterate over a deque
+	 */
+
+private:
+	alloc_t _alloc;
+	node   *_first, *_last;
+	size_t  _size;
+
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	void _push_front(ArgsT&&...args) {
+		elem_t next = _first;
+		_first = _alloc.allocate(1);
+		fennec::construct(_first, nullptr, next, fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+		if (next) {
+			next->prev = _first;
+		} else {
+			_last = _first;
+		}
+		++_size;
+	}
+
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	void _push_back(ArgsT&&...args) {
+		elem_t prev = _last;
+		_last = _alloc.allocate(1);
+		fennec::construct(_last, prev, nullptr, fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+		if (prev) {
+			prev->next = _last;
+		} else {
+			_first = _last;
+		}
+		++_size;
+	}
+};
+
+
+}
+
+#endif // FENNEC_CONTAINERS_DEQUE_H

include/fennec/containers/detail/_tuple.h

@@ -18,40 +18,42 @@
 
 #ifndef FENNEC_CONTAINERS_DETAIL_TUPLE_H
 #define FENNEC_CONTAINERS_DETAIL_TUPLE_H
-#include <fennec/lang/sequences.h>
+#include <fennec/lang/const_sequences.h>
 #include <fennec/lang/utility.h>
 
 namespace fennec::detail
 {
 
-// leaves
-template<size_t i, typename T>
-struct __tuple_leaf {
-	T value;
 
-	template<typename...ArgsT>
-	__tuple_leaf(ArgsT&&...args) : value(args...) {
-	}
+template <std::size_t I, typename T>
+struct _tuple_leaf
+{
+    template <typename ArgT>
+    constexpr _tuple_leaf(ArgT&& arg) : value(fennec::forward<ArgT>(arg)) {}
 
-	constexpr operator T&() {
-		return value;
-	}
+    constexpr ~_tuple_leaf() = default;
 
-	constexpr operator const T&() const {
-		return value;
-	}
+    constexpr _tuple_leaf& operator=(const _tuple_leaf&) = default;
+    constexpr _tuple_leaf& operator=(_tuple_leaf&&) noexcept = default;
+
+    T value;
 };
 
-// proxy
-template<typename, typename...TypesT>
-struct __tuple;
+template <typename, typename...>
+struct _tuple;
 
-template<size_t...i, typename...TypesT>
-struct __tuple<index_sequence<i...>, TypesT...> : __tuple_leaf<i, TypesT>... {
+template <size_t...IndicesV, typename...TypesT>
+struct _tuple<const_index_sequence<IndicesV...>, TypesT...> : _tuple_leaf<IndicesV, TypesT>...
+{
+    template <typename...ArgsT>
+    constexpr _tuple(ArgsT&&... args)
+        : _tuple_leaf<IndicesV, TypesT>(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args))... {
+    }
 
-	template<typename...ArgsT>
-	__tuple(ArgsT&&...args) : __tuple_leaf<i, TypesT>(args)... {
-	}
+    constexpr _tuple& operator=(const _tuple&) = default;
+    constexpr _tuple& operator=(_tuple&&) noexcept = default;
+
+    constexpr ~_tuple() = default;
 };
 
 }

include/fennec/containers/dynarray.h

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 ///
 /// \file dynarray.h
-/// \brief dynamically allocated array wrapper
+/// \brief A header containing the definition for a dynamically allocated array
 ///
 ///
 /// \details
@@ -38,95 +38,290 @@
 namespace fennec
 {
 
+///
+///
+/// \brief Wrapper for dynamically sized and allocated arrays
+/// \details
+/// | Property   | Value      |
+/// |:----------:|:----------:|
+/// | stable     |      ⛔     |
+/// | dynamic    |      ✅     |
+/// | homogenous |      ✅     |
+/// | distinct   |      ⛔     |
+/// | ordered    |      ⛔     |
+/// | space      | \f$O(N)\f$ |
+/// | linear     |      ✅     |
+/// | access     | \f$O(1)\f$ |
+/// | find       | \f$O(N)\f$ |
+/// | insertion  | \f$O(N)\f$ |
+/// | deletion   | \f$O(N)\f$ |
+///
+/// This structure prefers shallow moves and deep copies.
+///
+/// \tparam TypeT value type
 template<class TypeT, class Alloc = allocator<TypeT>>
-class dynarray
-{
+class dynarray {
 public:
-	using element_t = TypeT;
-	using alloc_t = Alloc;
+
+// Definitions =========================================================================================================
+
+	using value_t = TypeT; ///< Alias for the value type
+	using alloc_t = Alloc; ///< Alias for the allocator type
+
+
+// Constructors ========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Constructors & Destructor
+	/// @{
 
 	///
 	/// \brief Default Constructor, initializes an empty allocation.
-	dynarray() : _alloc(8), _size(0) {}
+	constexpr dynarray()
+		: _alloc(8)
+		, _size(0) {
+	}
 
 	///
 	/// \brief Alloc Constructor, initialize empty allocation with allocator instance.
-	/// \param alloc An allocator object to copy, for instances where the allocator needs to be initialized with some data.
-	dynarray(const alloc_t& alloc)
+	/// \param alloc An allocator object to copy, for instances where the allocator needs to be initialized with some
+	///        data.
+	explicit constexpr dynarray(const alloc_t& alloc)
 		: _alloc(8, alloc)
 		, _size(0) {
-
 	}
 
 	///
-	/// \brief Sized Allocation, create an allocation with a size of `n` elements, initialized with the default constructor.
-	dynarray(size_t n)
+	/// \brief Alloc Move Constructor, initialize empty allocation with allocator instance.
+	/// \param alloc An allocator object to copy, for instances where the allocator needs to be initialized with some
+	///        data.
+	explicit constexpr dynarray(alloc_t&& alloc) noexcept
+		: _alloc(8, alloc)
+		, _size(0) {
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Sized Allocation, initializes a dynarray with `n` elements using the default constructor.
+	/// \param n The number of elements.
+	explicit constexpr dynarray(size_t n)
 		: _alloc(n)
 		, _size(n)
 	{
-		element_t* addr = _alloc.data();
+		value_t* addr = _alloc.data();
 		for(; n > 0; --n, ++addr) {
 			fennec::construct(addr);
 		}
 	}
 
 	///
-	/// \brief
-	/// \param n
-	/// \param alloc
-	dynarray(size_t n, const alloc_t& alloc)
+	/// \brief Sized Allocation Alloc Constructor, initializes a dynarray with allocator `alloc` and `n` elements
+	///        using the default constructor.
+	/// \param n The number of elements
+	/// \param alloc The allocator object to copy
+	constexpr dynarray(size_t n, const alloc_t& alloc)
 		: _alloc(n, alloc)
 		, _size(n) {
-		element_t* addr = _alloc.data();
+		value_t* addr = _alloc.data();
 		for(; n > 0; --n, ++addr) {
 			fennec::construct(addr);
 		}
 	}
 
 	///
-	/// \brief Create an allocation of size `n`, with each element constructed using the copy constructor
-	/// \brief n the number of elements
-	dynarray(size_t n, const TypeT& val)
+	/// \brief Sized Allocation Alloc Move Constructor, initializes a dynarray with allocator `alloc` and `n` elements
+	///        using the default constructor.
+	/// \param n The number of elements
+	/// \param alloc The allocator object to copy
+	constexpr dynarray(size_t n, alloc_t&& alloc)
+		: _alloc(n, alloc)
+		, _size(n) {
+		value_t* addr = _alloc.data();
+		for(; n > 0; --n, ++addr) {
+			fennec::construct(addr);
+		}
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Sized Allocation Copy Constructor, Create an allocation of size `n` elements, with each element
+	///        constructed using the copy constructor
+	/// \param n the number of elements
+	/// \param val the value to copy
+	constexpr dynarray(size_t n, const TypeT& val)
 		: _alloc(n)
 		, _size(n) {
-		element_t* addr = _alloc.data();
+		value_t* addr = _alloc.data();
 		for(; n > 0; --n, ++addr) {
 			fennec::construct(addr, val);
 		}
 	}
 
+	// This constructor should not be invokable since moving is a single object operation and will cause undefined
+	// behaviour when moving to multiple elements
+	constexpr dynarray(size_t n, TypeT&&) = delete;
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Emplace Constructor
+	/// \tparam ArgsT A sequence of argument types
+	/// \param n The number of objects to create
+	/// \param args The arguments to create each object with
 	template<typename...ArgsT>
-	dynarray(size_t n, ArgsT&&...args) {
-		element_t* addr = _alloc.data();
-		for(; n > 0; --n, ++addr) {
-			fennec::construct(addr, fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+	constexpr explicit dynarray(size_t n, ArgsT&&...args)
+		: _alloc(n)
+		, _size(n) {
+		for(; n > 0; --n) {
+			fennec::construct(&_alloc[n], fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
 		}
 	}
 
-	~dynarray() {
-		element_t* addr = _alloc.data();
+	///
+	/// \brief Copy Constructor, uses the copy constructor to copy each element
+	/// \param arr the dynarray to copy
+	constexpr dynarray(const dynarray& arr)
+		: _alloc(arr._size)
+		, _size(arr._size) {
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < _size; ++i) {
+			fennec::construct(&_alloc[i], arr[i]);
+		}
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Move Constructor, takes ownership of the allocation
+	/// \param arr the dynarray to move
+	constexpr dynarray(dynarray&& arr) noexcept
+		: _alloc(fennec::move(arr._alloc))
+		, _size(arr._size) {
+		arr._size = 0;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Default Destructor, destructs all elements and frees the underlying allocation
+	constexpr ~dynarray() {
+		value_t* addr = _alloc.data();
+		if (addr == nullptr) return;
 		for(int n = _size; n > 0; --n, ++addr) {
 			fennec::destruct(addr);
 		}
 	}
 
-	size_t size() const {
+	/// @}
+
+// Assignment ==========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Properties
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Copy Assignment Operator
+	/// \param arr the array to copy
+	/// \returns A dynarray after having copied each element of `arr`
+	constexpr dynarray& operator=(const dynarray& arr) {
+		this->clear();
+		_alloc.creallocate(_size = arr._size);
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < _size; ++i) {
+			fennec::construct(&_alloc[i], fennec::copy(arr[i]));
+		}
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Move Assignment Operator
+	/// \param arr the array to move
+	/// \returns A dynarray after having taken ownership of the contents of `arr`
+	constexpr dynarray& operator=(dynarray&& arr) noexcept {
+		this->clear();
+		_alloc = fennec::move(arr._alloc);
+		_size  = arr._size;
+		arr._size = 0;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+// Properties ==========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Properties
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \returns The size of the dynarray in elements
+	constexpr size_t size() const {
 		return _size;
 	}
 
-	size_t capacity() const {
+	///
+	/// \returns The current capacity, in elements, of the underlying allocation
+	constexpr size_t capacity() const {
 		return _alloc.capacity();
 	}
 
-	TypeT& operator[](size_t i) {
-		assertd(i < _size, "Array Out of Bounds"); return _alloc.data()[i];
+	///
+	/// \returns True when there are no elements active, otherwise false
+	constexpr bool empty() const {
+		return _size == 0;
 	}
 
-	const TypeT& operator[](size_t i) const {
-		assertd(i < _size, "Array Out of Bounds"); return _alloc.data()[i];
+	/// @}
+
+
+// Element Access ======================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Access
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Array Access Operator
+	/// \param i The index to access
+	/// \returns A reference to the element at index `i`
+	constexpr TypeT& operator[](size_t i) {
+		assertd(i < _size, "Array Out of Bounds");
+		return _alloc.data()[i];
 	}
 
-	void insert(size_t i, const TypeT& val) {
+	///
+	/// \brief Array Access Operator (const)
+	/// \param i The index to access
+	/// \returns A const qualified reference to the element at index `i`
+	constexpr const TypeT& operator[](size_t i) const {
+		assertd(i < _size, "Array Out of Bounds");
+		return _alloc.data()[i];
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \returns Reference to the first element in the dynarray
+	constexpr TypeT& front() {
+		return this->operator[](0);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \returns A const-qualified reference to the first element in the dynarray
+	constexpr const TypeT& front() const {
+		return this->operator[](0);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \returns A reference to the last element in the dynarray
+	constexpr TypeT& back() {
+		return this->operator[](size() - 1);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \returns A const-qualified reference to the last element in the dynarray
+	constexpr const TypeT& back() const {
+		return this->operator[](size() - 1);
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+
+// Modifiers ===========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Modifiers
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Move Insertion
+	/// \param i index to insert at
+	/// \param val the value to initialize with
+	constexpr void insert(size_t i, TypeT&& val) {
 
 		// Grow if the size has reached the capacity of the allocation
 		if(_size == capacity()) {
@@ -136,28 +331,8 @@ public:
 		// Move the data if we are not inserting at the end of the array
 		if((i = min(i, _size)) < _size) {
 			fennec::memmove(
-				_alloc.data() + i
-			,	_alloc.data() + i + 1
-			,	(_size - i) * sizeof(TypeT));
-		}
-
-		// Insert the element
-		fennec::construct(_alloc.data() + i, val);
-		++_size;
-	}
-
-	void insert(size_t i, TypeT&& val) {
-
-		// Grow if the size has reached the capacity of the allocation
-		if(_size == capacity()) {
-			_grow();
-		}
-
-		// Move the data if we are not inserting at the end of the array
-		if((i = min(i, _size)) < _size) {
-			fennec::memmove(
-				_alloc.data() + i + 1
-			,	_alloc.data() + i
+				(void*)(_alloc.data() + i + 1)
+			,	(void*)(_alloc.data() + i)
 			,	(_size - i) * sizeof(TypeT));
 		}
 
@@ -166,8 +341,11 @@ public:
 		++_size;
 	}
 
-	template<typename...ArgsT>
-	void emplace(size_t i, ArgsT&&...args) {
+	///
+	/// \brief Copy Insertion
+	/// \param i index to insert at
+	/// \param val the value to initialize with
+	constexpr void insert(size_t i, const TypeT& val) {
 
 		// Grow if the size has reached the capacity of the allocation
 		if(_size == capacity()) {
@@ -177,8 +355,35 @@ public:
 		// Move the data if we are not inserting at the end of the array
 		if((i = min(i, _size)) < _size) {
 			fennec::memmove(
-				_alloc.data() + i
-			,	_alloc.data() + i + 1
+				(void*)(_alloc.data() + i),
+				(void*)(_alloc.data() + i + 1),
+				(_size - i) * sizeof(TypeT)
+			);
+		}
+
+		// Insert the element
+		fennec::construct(_alloc.data() + i, val);
+		++_size;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Emplace Insertion
+	/// \param i index to insert at
+	/// \param args Arguments to construct with
+	/// \tparam ArgsT Argument types
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	constexpr void emplace(size_t i, ArgsT&&...args) {
+
+		// Grow if the size has reached the capacity of the allocation
+		if(_size == capacity()) {
+			_grow();
+		}
+
+		// Move the data if we are not inserting at the end of the array
+		if((i = min(i, _size)) < _size) {
+			fennec::memmove(
+				(void*)(_alloc.data() + i)
+			,	(void*)(_alloc.data() + i + 1)
 			,	(_size - i) * sizeof(TypeT));
 		}
 
@@ -187,28 +392,91 @@ public:
 		++_size;
 	}
 
-	void push_back(const TypeT& val) {
+	///
+	/// \brief Push Back Copy
+	/// \param val Value to initialize with
+	constexpr void push_back(const TypeT& val) {
 		dynarray::insert(_size, val);
 	}
 
-	void push_back(TypeT&& val) {
+	///
+	/// \brief Push Back Move
+	/// \param val Value to initialize with
+	constexpr void push_back(TypeT&& val) {
 		dynarray::insert(_size, fennec::forward<TypeT>(val));
 	}
 
-	template<typename...ArgsT> void emplace_back(ArgsT...args) {
+	///
+	/// \brief Emplace Back
+	/// \tparam ArgsT Argument Types
+	/// \param args Arguments to construct with
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	constexpr void emplace_back(ArgsT...args) {
 		dynarray::emplace(_size, fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
 	}
 
-	void resize(size_t n) {
-		_alloc.reallocate(n);
+	///
+	/// \brief Erase last element
+	constexpr void pop_back() {
+		fennec::destruct(&_alloc[--_size]);
 	}
 
+	///
+	/// \brief Resize the dynarray, invoking the default constructor for all new elements
+	/// \param n The new size in elements
+	constexpr void resize(size_t n) {
+		_alloc.creallocate(n);
+
+		while (_size < n) {
+			emplace_back();
+		}
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Clears the contents of the dynarray, destructing all elements and releasing the allocation.
+	constexpr void clear() {
+		while (_size > 0) {
+			fennec::destruct(&_alloc[--_size]);
+		}
+		_alloc.deallocate();
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+
+// Iteration ===========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Iteration
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief "Iterator" Begin Function
+	/// \returns A pointer to the first element in the dynarray
+	constexpr TypeT* begin() { return _alloc.data(); }
+
+	///
+	/// \brief "Iterator" End Function
+	/// \return A pointer to the address after the last element in the dynarray
+	constexpr TypeT* end()   { return begin() + _size; }
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Const "Iterator" Begin Function
+	/// \returns A const qualified pointer to the first element in the dynarray
+	constexpr const TypeT* begin() const { return _alloc; }
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Const "Iterator" End Function
+	/// \return A const qualified pointer to the address after the last element in the dynarray
+	constexpr const TypeT* end()   const { return begin() + _size; }
+
+	/// @}
+
 private:
-	void _grow() {
-		_alloc.reallocate(_alloc.capacity() * 2);
+	constexpr void _grow() {
+		_alloc.creallocate(_alloc.capacity() * 2);
 	}
 
-	allocation<element_t, alloc_t> _alloc;
+	allocation<value_t, alloc_t> _alloc;
 	size_t _size;
 };
 

include/fennec/containers/graph.h

@@ -0,0 +1,518 @@
+// =====================================================================================================================
+//  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+//  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+//
+//  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+//  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+//  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+//  (at your option) any later version.
+//
+//  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+//  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+//  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+//  GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+//  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+//  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+// =====================================================================================================================
+
+///
+/// \file graph.h
+/// \brief A header containing the definition for a graph of vertices connected by edges
+///
+///
+/// \details
+/// \author Medusa Slockbower
+///
+/// \copyright Copyright © 2025 Medusa Slockbower ([GPLv3](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html))
+///
+///
+
+#ifndef FENNEC_CONTAINERS_GRAPH_H
+#define FENNEC_CONTAINERS_GRAPH_H
+
+#include <fennec/containers/dynarray.h>
+#include <fennec/containers/list.h>
+#include <fennec/containers/map.h>
+#include <fennec/containers/object_pool.h>
+#include <fennec/containers/set.h>
+
+/*
+ * With the directed tree we were able to cheat a little, the structure has more rules to it which allows
+ * tighter constraints. A graph is basically no rules whatsoever. Some variants, such as weighted graphs, assign
+ * properties or rules to edges which can simply be an extension to this graph.
+ *
+ * The most effective way to do this is to have a dynarray of lists, however this results in double the
+ * memory being used. This can also result in two edge objects being created.
+ *
+ * There is no nice way to avoid the problem of mapping vertices to edges
+ */
+
+namespace fennec
+{
+
+///
+/// \brief Graph Data Structure, describes sets of arbitrarily connected vertices
+///
+/// \details
+/// | Property   | Value      |
+/// |:----------:|:----------:|
+/// | stable     |      ⛔     |
+/// | dynamic    |      ✅     |
+/// | homogenous |      ✅     |
+/// | distinct   |      ⛔     |
+/// | ordered    |      ⛔     |
+/// | space      | \f$O(N)\f$ |
+/// | linear     |      ✅     |
+/// | access     | \f$O(1)\f$ |
+/// | find       | \f$O(1)\f$ |
+/// | insertion  | \f$O(1)\f$ |
+/// | deletion   | \f$O(N)\f$ |
+///
+/// Graphs contain vertices and edges. Graphs are either directed
+/// or undirected. This structure allows the creation of both directed and undirected edges. As
+/// far as what that means; a directed graph means that edges have direction, where there are edges
+/// that are "to" and "from," rather than "between" which is used in undirected graphs.
+///
+/// An undirected graph is connected if there is a path between every pair of vertices in the graph.
+///
+/// A directed graph is weakly connected if replacing all of its directed edges with undirected edges would
+/// produce a connected graph. We will call this "disjointed"
+///
+/// A directed graph is semi-connected if there is a directed path p for `u` &rarr; `v` *or* `v` &rarr; `u` for every
+/// pair of vertices `u, v`. We will call this "unilateral"
+///
+/// A directed graph is strongly-connected if there is a directed path p for `u` &rarr; `v` *and* `v` &rarr; `u` for every pair
+/// of vertices `u, v`. We will call this "connected"
+///
+/// \tparam VertexT The type associated with each vertex
+/// \tparam EdgeT The type associated with each edge
+template<typename VertexT, typename EdgeT = empty_t>
+struct graph {
+public:
+// Definitions =========================================================================================================
+
+	using edge_t        = EdgeT;                         ///< Alias for the edge type
+	using vertex_t      = VertexT;                       ///< Alias for the vertex type
+	using vertex_pool_t = object_pool<vertex_t>;         ///< Alias for a pool of vertices
+	using edge_map_t    = dynarray<map<size_t, size_t>>; ///< Alias for edge mapping
+	using edge_pool_t   = object_pool<edge_t>;           ///< Alias for a pool of edges
+
+	static constexpr size_t npos = -1; ///< Constant for a non-existent vertex
+
+
+// Constructors ========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Constructors & Destructor
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Default Constructor, initializes empty graph
+	constexpr graph() = default;
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Destructor
+	constexpr ~graph() = default;
+
+	/// @}
+
+
+	/// \name Assignment Operators
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Copy Assignment Operator
+	/// \param g The graph to copy
+	/// \returns A reference to this after assigning g
+	constexpr graph& operator=(const graph& g) = default;
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Move Assignment Operator
+	/// \param g The graph to copy
+	/// \returns A reference to this after assigning g
+	constexpr graph& operator=(graph&& g) = default;
+
+	/// @}
+
+
+// Properties ==========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Properties
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \returns The number of vertices in the graph
+	constexpr size_t num_vertices() const {
+		return _vertex_pool.size();
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \returns The number of edges in the graph
+	constexpr size_t num_edges() const {
+		return _edge_pool.size();
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \returns The capacity of the vertex pool
+	constexpr size_t capacity() const {
+		return _vertex_pool.capacity();
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \returns `true` when there are no vertices in the graph, `false` otherwise
+	constexpr bool empty() const {
+		return num_vertices() == 0;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Checks if there exists an edge `e` that starts from `a` and ends at `b`
+	/// \param a The first vertex
+	/// \param b The second vertex
+	/// \returns `true` if the edge exists, `false` otherwise
+	constexpr bool exists(size_t a, size_t b) const {
+		return _edge_map[a][b] != nullptr;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Checks if there exists an edge `e0` that starts from `a` and ends at `b` and `e1` that starts from `b`
+	///        and ends at `a`
+	/// \param a The first vertex
+	/// \param b The second vertex
+	/// \returns `true` if both edges exist, `false` otherwise
+	constexpr bool is_symmetric(size_t a, size_t b) const {
+		return exists(a, b) and exists(b, a);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Checks if there exists an edge `e` between `a` and `b`
+	/// \param a The first vertex
+	/// \param b The second vertex
+	/// \returns `true` if both edges exist, `false` otherwise
+	constexpr bool is_undirected(size_t a, size_t b) const {
+		const auto* e0 = _edge_map[a][b];
+		const auto* e1 = _edge_map[b][a];
+		if (not (e0 != nullptr && e1 != nullptr)) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		return *e0 == *e1;
+	}
+
+	// TODO: connected, disjoint, unilateral, get_component
+
+	/// @}
+
+
+// Access ==============================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Access
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief vertex Access Operator
+	/// \param vertex The id of the vertex
+	/// \returns A reference to the value stored in the vertex
+	constexpr vertex_t& operator[](size_t vertex) {
+		return _vertex_pool[vertex];
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief vertex Const Access Operator
+	/// \param vertex The id of the vertex
+	/// \returns A reference to the value stored in the vertex
+	constexpr const vertex_t& operator[](size_t vertex) const {
+		return _vertex_pool[vertex];
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief edge Access Operator
+	/// \param a The id of the first vertex
+	/// \param b The id of the second vertex
+	/// \returns A pointer to the value stored in the edge, `nullptr` if not found
+	constexpr edge_t* operator[](size_t a, size_t b) {
+		if (empty()) {
+			return nullptr;
+		}
+		edge_t* it = _edge_map[a][b];
+		if (it) {
+			return _edge_pool[*it];
+		}
+		return nullptr;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief edge Const Access Operator
+	/// \param a The id of the first vertex
+	/// \param b The id of the second vertex
+	/// \returns A const-qualified pointer to the value stored in the edge, `nullptr` if not found
+	constexpr const edge_t* operator[](size_t a, size_t b) const {
+		if (empty()) {
+			return nullptr;
+		}
+		const edge_t* it = _edge_map[a][b];
+		if (it) {
+			return _edge_pool[*it];
+		}
+		return nullptr;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Getter for a list of vertices `x` that `vertex` has an edge to `x...`
+	/// \param vertex The id of the vertex
+	/// \returns A list containing all vertices `x` with edges from `vertex` to `x...`
+	list<size_t> outgoing(size_t vertex) {
+		list<size_t> res;
+		if (empty() || vertex >= _edge_map.size()) {
+			return res;
+		}
+		for (const auto& it : _edge_map[vertex]) {
+			res.push_back(it.first);
+		}
+		return res;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Getter for a list of vertices `x` that `vertex` has an edge from `x...`
+	/// \param vertex The id of the vertex
+	/// \returns A list containing all vertices `x` with edges from `x...` to `vertex`
+	list<size_t> incoming(size_t vertex) {
+		list<size_t> res;
+		if (empty() || vertex >= _edge_map.size()) {
+			return res;
+		}
+		for (size_t n = 0; n < _edge_map.size(); ++n) {
+			if (_edge_map[n][vertex]) {
+				res.push_back(n);
+			}
+		}
+		return res;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Getter for a list of vertices `x` that `vertex` has an edge to and from `x...`
+	/// \param vertex The id of the vertex
+	/// \returns A list containing all vertices `x` that have symmetric edges with `vertex`
+	list<size_t> symmetric(size_t vertex) {
+		list<size_t> res;
+		if (empty() || vertex >= _edge_map.size()) {
+			return res;
+		}
+		for (const auto& it : _edge_map[vertex]) {
+			if (_edge_map[it.first][vertex]) {
+				res.push_back(it.first);
+			}
+		}
+		return res;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Getter for a list of vertices `x` that `vertex` has an edge to and from `x...` and share the same value
+	/// \details
+	/// "Joined" edges may also be referred to as "undirected." A joined, or undirected, edge may be
+	/// turned into a directed edge by changing the weight object associated with the edge, or by
+	/// removing one of the sub-edges.
+	/// \param vertex The id of the vertex
+	/// \returns A list containing all vertices `x` that have symmetric edges with `vertex`
+	list<size_t> undirected(size_t vertex) {
+		list<size_t> res;
+		if (empty() || vertex >= _edge_map.size()) {
+			return res;
+		}
+		for (const auto& it : _edge_map[vertex]) {
+			const auto* at = _edge_map[it.first][vertex];
+			if (at != nullptr && *at == it.second) {
+				res.push_back(it.first);
+			}
+		}
+		return res;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Getter for the internal storage of mapped edges from this vertex.
+	///        Use this when you want to iterate over edges that start from this vertex.
+	/// \param vertex The id of the vertex
+	/// \returns A pointer to a map containing edges mapped from this vertex
+	const auto* edges(size_t vertex) {
+		if (empty() || vertex >= _edge_map.size()) {
+			return nullptr;
+		}
+		return &_edge_map[vertex];
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+
+// Modifiers ===========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Modifiers
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Move a new vertex into the graph
+	/// \param vertex The vertex to move into the graph
+	/// \returns The id of the new vertex
+	constexpr size_t insert(vertex_t&& vertex) {
+		return this->_insert(fennec::forward<vertex_t>(vertex));
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Copy a new vertex into the graph
+	/// \param vertex The vertex to copy into the graph
+	/// \returns The id of the new vertex
+	constexpr size_t insert(const vertex_t& vertex) {
+		return this->_insert(vertex);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Construct a new vertex in the graph
+	/// \tparam ArgsT The types of the arguments
+	/// \param args The arguments to construct the vertex with
+	/// \returns The id of the new vertex
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	constexpr size_t emplace(ArgsT&&...args) {
+		return this->_insert(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Erase a vertex from the graph
+	/// \param vertex The id of the vertex to erase
+	constexpr void erase(size_t vertex) {
+		cut(vertex);
+		_vertex_pool.erase(vertex);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Form an edge from vertex `a` to vertex `b`
+	/// \tparam ArgsT The argument types
+	/// \param a The first vertex id
+	/// \param b The second vertex id
+	/// \param args The arguments to construct the edge with
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	constexpr void make_edge(size_t a, size_t b, ArgsT&&...args) {
+		if (a == b) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if (_edge_map.size() < _vertex_pool.capacity()) {
+			_edge_map.resize(_vertex_pool.capacity());
+		}
+
+		auto it = _edge_map[a][b];
+		size_t conn;
+		if (it != nullptr) {
+			conn = *it;
+			_edge_pool[conn] = vertex_t(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+		} else {
+			conn = _edge_pool.emplace(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+		}
+		_edge_map[a].emplace(b, conn);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Form an undirected edge between vertex `a` and vertex `b`
+	/// \tparam ArgsT The argument types
+	/// \param a The first vertex id
+	/// \param b The second vertex id
+	/// \param args The arguments to construct the edge with
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	constexpr void make_edge2(size_t a, size_t b, ArgsT&&...args) {
+		if (a == b) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if (_edge_map.size() < _vertex_pool.capacity()) {
+			_edge_map.resize(_vertex_pool.capacity());
+		}
+
+		auto it = _edge_map[a][b];
+		size_t conn;
+		if (it != nullptr) {
+			conn = *it;
+			_edge_pool[conn] = vertex_t(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+		} else {
+			conn = _edge_pool.emplace(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+		}
+
+		_edge_map[a].emplace(b, conn);
+		_edge_map[b].emplace(a, conn);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Disconnect an edge from vertex `a` to vertex `b`
+	/// \param a The first vertex id
+	/// \param b The second vertex id
+	constexpr void cut_edge(size_t a, size_t b) {
+
+		// Find the edge object
+		const auto* it = _edge_map[a][b];
+		if (not it) {
+			return;
+		}
+		size_t    c = *it;
+
+		// Check if undirected
+		const auto* at = _edge_map[b][a];
+		if (not at || *at != c) {
+			_edge_pool.erase(c);
+		}
+
+		// Erase the edge mapping
+		_edge_map[a].erase(b);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Disconnect both directed edges between vertices `a` and `b`
+	/// \param a The first vertex id
+	/// \param b The second vertex id
+	constexpr void cut_edge2(size_t a, size_t b) {
+		const auto* ita = _edge_map[a][b];
+		const auto* itb = _edge_map[a][b];
+		if (not (ita || itb)) {
+			return;
+		}
+		if (ita) _edge_pool.erase(*ita);
+		if (itb) _edge_pool.erase(*itb);
+		_edge_map[a].erase(b);
+		_edge_map[b].erase(a);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Break *all* edges to and from `n`
+	/// \param n The vertex id
+	void cut(size_t n) {
+		for (const auto it : outgoing(n)) {
+			cut_edge(n, it);
+		}
+		for (const auto it : incoming(n)) {
+			cut_edge(it, n);
+		}
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Clear the graph, destructing all vertices and edges.
+	void clear() {
+		_vertex_pool.clear();
+		_edge_pool.clear();
+		_edge_map.clear();
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+
+// edges =========================================================================================================
+
+
+private:
+	vertex_pool_t _vertex_pool;
+	edge_pool_t   _edge_pool;
+	edge_map_t    _edge_map;
+
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	size_t _insert(ArgsT&&...args) {
+		return _vertex_pool.emplace(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+	}
+
+};
+
+}
+
+#endif // FENNEC_CONTAINERS_GRAPH_H

include/fennec/containers/list.h

@@ -0,0 +1,655 @@
+// =====================================================================================================================
+//  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+//  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+//
+//  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+//  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+//  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+//  (at your option) any later version.
+//
+//  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+//  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+//  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+//  GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+//  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+//  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+// =====================================================================================================================
+
+///
+/// \file list.h
+/// \brief A header containing the definition for a linked list of values
+///
+///
+/// \details
+/// \author Medusa Slockbower
+///
+/// \copyright Copyright © 2025 Medusa Slockbower ([GPLv3](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html))
+///
+///
+
+#ifndef FENNEC_CONTAINERS_LIST_H
+#define FENNEC_CONTAINERS_LIST_H
+
+#include <fennec/containers/dynarray.h>
+#include <fennec/containers/list.h>
+#include <fennec/containers/optional.h>
+#include <fennec/memory/allocator.h>
+
+#include <fennec/math/common.h>
+
+namespace fennec
+{
+
+///
+///
+/// \brief Data Structure defining lists of elements
+/// \details
+/// This data-structure behaves like a linked list, but does not use pointers. Instead, it is in-array. This creates the
+/// following properties:
+///
+/// | Property   | Value      |
+/// |:----------:|:----------:|
+/// | stable     |      ⛔     |
+/// | dynamic    |      ✅     |
+/// | homogenous |      ✅     |
+/// | distinct   |      ⛔     |
+/// | ordered    |      ⛔     |
+/// | space      | \f$O(N)\f$ |
+/// | linear     |      ✅     |
+/// | access     | \f$O(1)\f$ |
+/// | find       | \f$O(N)\f$ |
+/// | insertion  | \f$O(N)\f$ |
+/// | deletion   | \f$O(N)\f$ |
+///
+/// \tparam TypeT value type
+template<class TypeT, class Alloc = allocator<TypeT>>
+struct list {
+
+// Definitions =========================================================================================================
+
+private:
+	struct node;
+
+public:
+	/// \brief Alias for the allocator type, rebound to list nodes
+	using alloc_t = typename allocator_traits<Alloc>::template rebind<node>;
+
+	using value_t = TypeT; ///< Alias for the value type
+
+	static constexpr size_t npos = -1; ///< Constant representing a non-existant position
+
+	class iterator; ///< Iterator type for forward iteration over the list
+	class const_iterator; ///< Iterator type for forward iteration over a constant list
+
+
+// Constructors & Destructor ===========================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Constructors & Destructor
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Default Constructor, initializes an empty list.
+	constexpr list()
+		: _table(), _freed(), _root(npos), _last(npos), _size(0) {
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Copy Constructor, copies all elements in `l` with optimized layout
+	/// \param l The list to copy
+	constexpr list(const list& l)
+		: list() {
+		for (const value_t& it : l) {
+			this->push_back(it);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Move Constructor, takes ownership of the list
+	/// \param l The list to move
+	constexpr list(list&& l) noexcept
+		: _table(fennec::move(l._table))
+		, _freed(fennec::move(l._freed))
+		, _root(l._root)
+		, _last(l._last)
+		, _size(l._size) {
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Destructor, destructs all elements then releases the allocation.
+	constexpr ~list() {
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < capacity(); ++i) {
+			_table[i].value = nullopt;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+// Assignment ==========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Assignment
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Copy Assignment Operator
+	/// \param l the list to copy
+	/// \returns `this` after having copied all elements of `l`
+	constexpr list& operator=(const list& l) {
+		this->clear();
+		for (const value_t& it : l) {
+			this->push_back(it);
+		}
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Move Assignment Operator
+	/// \param l the list to copy
+	/// \returns `this` after having taken ownership over the contents of `l`
+	constexpr list& operator=(list&& l) noexcept {
+		this->clear();
+		_table = fennec::move(l._table);
+		_freed = fennec::move(l._freed);
+		_root  = l._root; _last = l._last;
+		_size  = l._size;
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+
+// Properties ==========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Properties
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \returns The size of the list in elements.
+	constexpr size_t size() const { return _size; }
+
+	///
+	/// \returns The capacity of the list in elements.
+	constexpr size_t capacity() const { return _table.capacity(); }
+
+	///
+	/// \returns `true` when the list is empty, `false` otherwise.
+	constexpr bool empty() const { return _root == npos; }
+
+	/// @}
+
+
+// Access ==============================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Access
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Array Access Operator
+	/// \param i Index to access
+	/// \returns A reference to the element at `i`
+	///
+	/// \details \f$O(N)\f$
+	constexpr value_t& operator[](int i) {
+		assertd(i >= 0 && size_t(i) < _size, "Index out of Bounds");
+		size_t n = _walk(i);
+		assertd(n != npos, "Index out of Bounds");
+		return *_table[n].value;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Const Array Access Operator
+	/// \param i Index to access
+	/// \returns A const-qualified reference to the element at `i`
+	///
+	/// \details \f$O(N)\f$
+	constexpr const value_t& operator[](int i) const {
+		assertd(i >= 0 && size_t(i) < _size, "Index out of Bounds");
+		size_t n = _walk(i);
+		assertd(n != npos, "Index out of Bounds");
+		return *_table[n].value;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Access Front Element
+	/// \returns A reference to the first element in the list
+	constexpr value_t& front() {
+		return *_table[_root].value;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Const Access Front Element
+	/// \returns A const-qualified reference to the first element in the list
+	constexpr const value_t& front() const {
+		return *_table[_root].value;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Access Back Element
+	/// \returns A reference to the last element in the list
+	constexpr value_t& back() {
+		return *_table[_last].value;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Const Access Back Element
+	/// \returns A const-qualified reference to the last element in the list
+	constexpr const value_t& back() const {
+		return *_table[_last].value;
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+
+// Modifiers ===========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Modifiers
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Copy Insertion
+	/// \param it Location to insert at
+	/// \param x value to copy
+	///
+	/// \details \f$O(1)\f$
+	constexpr size_t insert(const iterator& it, const value_t& x) {
+		return this->_insert(it._n, x);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Move Insertion
+	/// \param it Location to insert at
+	/// \param x value to move
+	///
+	/// \details \f$O(1)\f$
+	constexpr size_t insert(const iterator& it, value_t&& x) {
+		return this->_insert(it._n, fennec::forward<value_t>(x));
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Copy Insertion
+	/// \param i Index to insert at
+	/// \param x value to copy
+	///
+	/// \details \f$O(N)\f$
+	constexpr size_t insert(size_t i, const value_t& x) {
+		assert(i <= size(), "Index out of Bounds");
+
+		size_t n = _walk(min(i, size_t(size() - 1)));
+		return this->_insert(n, x);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Move Insertion
+	/// \param i Index to insert at
+	/// \param x value to move
+	///
+	/// \details \f$O(N)\f$
+	constexpr size_t insert(size_t i, value_t&& x) {
+		assert(i <= size(), "Index out of Bounds");
+
+		size_t n = _walk(min(i, size_t(size() - 1)));
+		return this->_insert(n, fennec::forward<value_t>(x));
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Emplace Insertion
+	/// \tparam ArgsT Argument types
+	/// \param i Index to insert at
+	/// \param args Arguments to construct with
+	///
+	/// \details \f$O(N)\f$
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	constexpr size_t emplace(size_t i, ArgsT&&...args) {
+		assert(i <= size(), "Index out of Bounds");
+
+		size_t n = _walk(min(i, size_t(size() - 1)));
+		return this->_insert(n, fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Push Front Copy
+	/// \param x Value to copy
+	constexpr size_t push_front(const value_t& x) {
+		return this->_insert(_root, x);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Push Front Move
+	/// \param x Value to move
+	constexpr size_t push_front(value_t&& x) {
+		return this->_insert(_root, fennec::forward<value_t>(x));
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Emplace Front
+	/// \param args Arguments to construct with
+	/// \tparam  ArgsT Argument types
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	constexpr size_t emplace_front(ArgsT&&...args) {
+		return this->_insert(_root, fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Push Back Copy
+	/// \param x Value to copy
+	constexpr size_t push_back(const value_t& x) {
+		return this->_insert(npos, x);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Push Back Move
+	/// \param x Value to move
+	constexpr size_t push_back(value_t&& x) {
+		return this->_insert(npos, fennec::forward<value_t>(x));
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Emplace Back
+	/// \param args Arguments to construct with
+	/// \tparam  ArgsT Argument types
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	constexpr size_t emplace_back(ArgsT&&...args) {
+		return this->_insert(npos, fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Erase Element
+	/// \param i Index to erase
+	constexpr void erase(size_t i) {
+		assert(i < size(), "Index out of Bounds!");
+		size_t n = _walk(i);
+		_erase(n);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Erase Element
+	/// \param it Location to Erase
+	constexpr void erase(const iterator& it) {
+		_erase(it._n);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Pop Front, erases first element
+	constexpr void pop_front() {
+		_erase(_root);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Pop Back, erases first element
+	constexpr void pop_back() {
+		_erase(_last);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Clears the list, destructing all elements in order
+	constexpr void clear() {
+		size_t i = _root;
+		while (i != npos) {
+			fennec::destruct(_table[i]);
+			i = this->_next(i);
+		}
+		_table.deallocate(_table);
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+// ITERATOR ============================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Iteration
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief C++ Iterator Specification `begin()`
+	/// \returns An iterator for the first element in the list
+	constexpr iterator begin() {
+		return iterator(this, _root);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief C++ Iterator Specification `end()`
+	/// \returns An iterator for the end of the list
+	constexpr iterator end() {
+		return iterator(this, npos);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Const C++ Iterator Specification `begin()`
+	/// \returns A const iterator for the first element in the list
+	constexpr const_iterator begin() const {
+		return const_iterator(this, _root);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Const C++ Iterator Specification `end()`
+	/// \returns A const iterator for the end of the list
+	constexpr const_iterator end() const {
+		return const_iterator(this, npos);
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Iterator Class
+	class iterator {
+	public:
+		~iterator() {
+			_list = nullptr;
+		}
+
+		// prefix operator
+		constexpr friend iterator& operator++(iterator& rhs) {
+			if (rhs._list->_next(rhs._n) < rhs._list->capacity()) {
+				return rhs;
+			}
+			rhs._n = npos;
+			return rhs;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend iterator operator++(iterator& lhs, int) {
+			iterator prev = lhs;
+			++lhs;
+			return prev;
+		}
+
+		constexpr value_t& operator*() {
+			return *(_list->_table[_n].value);
+		}
+
+		constexpr value_t* operator->() {
+			return &*(_list->_table[_n].value);
+		}
+
+		constexpr bool operator==(const iterator& it) {
+			return _list == it._list and _n == it._n;
+		}
+
+		constexpr bool operator!=(const iterator& it) {
+			return _list != it._list or _n != it._n;
+		}
+
+	private:
+		list*  _list;
+		size_t _n;
+		friend list;
+
+		iterator(list* ls, size_t n)
+			: _list(ls)
+			, _n(n) {
+		}
+	};
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Iterator Class for Const Access
+	class const_iterator {
+	public:
+		~const_iterator() {
+			_list = nullptr;
+		}
+
+		// prefix operator
+		constexpr friend const_iterator& operator++(const_iterator& rhs) {
+			if (rhs._list->_next(rhs._n) < rhs._list->capacity()) {
+				return rhs;
+			}
+			rhs._n = npos;
+			return rhs;
+		}
+
+		constexpr friend const_iterator operator++(const_iterator& lhs, int) {
+			const_iterator prev = lhs;
+			++lhs;
+			return prev;
+		}
+
+		constexpr const value_t& operator*() {
+			return *(_list->_table[_n].value);
+		}
+
+		constexpr const value_t* operator->() {
+			return &*(_list->_table[_n].value);
+		}
+
+		constexpr bool operator==(const const_iterator& it) {
+			return _list == it._list and _n == it._n;
+		}
+
+		constexpr bool operator!=(const const_iterator& it) {
+			return _list != it._list or _n != it._n;
+		}
+
+	private:
+		const list*  _list;
+		size_t _n;
+		friend list;
+
+		const_iterator(const list* ls, size_t n)
+			: _list(ls)
+			, _n(n) {
+		}
+	};
+
+private:
+	allocation<node, alloc_t> _table;
+	dynarray<size_t> _freed;
+	size_t _root, _last, _size;
+
+	friend class iterator;
+
+	constexpr void _expand() {
+		_table.creallocate(fennec::max(_table.capacity(), size_t(1)) * 2);
+	}
+
+	struct node {
+		optional<value_t> value;
+		size_t prev, next;
+
+		constexpr node()
+			: value()
+			, prev(npos)
+			, next(npos) {
+		}
+
+		constexpr node(size_t p, size_t n)
+			: value()
+			, prev(p)
+			, next(n) {
+		}
+
+		constexpr node(size_t p, size_t n, value_t&& val)
+			: value(fennec::forward<value_t>(val))
+			, prev(p)
+			, next(n) {
+		}
+
+		constexpr ~node() = default;
+
+		constexpr void clear() {
+			value = nullopt;
+			prev = npos;
+			next = npos;
+		}
+	};
+
+	constexpr size_t _next(size_t n) const {
+		return _table[n].next;
+	}
+
+	constexpr size_t _prev(size_t n) const {
+		return _table[n].prev;
+	}
+
+	constexpr size_t _walk(size_t i) const {
+		size_t n = _root;
+		if (n == npos) return n;
+		while (i > 0 && n != npos) {
+			n = _next(n); --i;
+		}
+		return n;
+	}
+
+	constexpr size_t _next_free() {
+		if (not _freed.empty()) {
+			size_t n = _freed.back();
+			_freed.pop_back();
+			return n;
+		}
+		return _size;
+	}
+
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	constexpr size_t _insert(size_t n, ArgsT&&...args) {
+		if (size() == capacity()) {
+			_expand();
+		}
+
+		size_t i = _next_free();
+		++_size;
+		fennec::construct(&_table[i].value, fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+
+		if (_root == npos) {
+			_table[i].prev = npos;
+			_table[i].next = npos;
+			_root = _last = i;
+			return i;
+		}
+
+		if (n == npos) {
+			_table[_last].next = i;
+			_table[i].prev = _last;
+			_table[i].next = npos;
+			_last = i;
+			return i;
+		}
+
+		_table[i].prev = _prev(n);
+		_table[i].next = n;
+		_table[n].prev = i;
+		_root = n == _root ? i : _root;
+		return i;
+	}
+
+	constexpr void _erase(size_t n) {
+		if (n == npos) return;
+
+		fennec::destruct(&_table[n].value);
+		_freed.push_back(n);
+		--_size;
+
+		size_t prev = _prev(n);
+		size_t next = _next(n);
+
+		if (prev != npos) {
+			_table[prev].next = next;
+		}
+
+		if (next != npos) {
+			_table[next].prev = prev;
+		}
+
+		_root = (n == _root) ? next : _root;
+		_last = (n == _last) ? prev : _last;
+	}
+};
+
+}
+
+#endif // FENNEC_CONTAINERS_LIST_H

include/fennec/containers/map.h

@@ -16,6 +16,18 @@
 //  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 // =====================================================================================================================
 
+///
+/// \file map.h
+/// \brief A header containing the definition for a mapping of keys to values
+///
+///
+/// \details
+/// \author Medusa Slockbower
+///
+/// \copyright Copyright © 2025 Medusa Slockbower ([GPLv3](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html))
+///
+///
+
 #ifndef FENNEC_CONTAINERS_MAP_H
 #define FENNEC_CONTAINERS_MAP_H
 
@@ -25,14 +37,12 @@
 namespace fennec
 {
 
-// TODO: Document
-
 /* Ramblings
  *
  * Definitions:
  * user = Programmer using this data structure
  *
- * The STL unordered-map is very contrived. Some of its functionality encourages younger programmers to use
+ * The STL maps are very contrived. Some of its functionality encourages younger programmers to use
  * the exception model. Ideally, I would like this structure to never throw an error with typical use.
  *
  * The array access operator is, in my opinion, poorly implemented. I do not think that this operator should handle
@@ -40,19 +50,46 @@ namespace fennec
  * data structure modifies contents by inherently calling operator[].
  *
  * Currently, I am considering implementing this as the following:
- * Access will be handled only via operator[]. Return value will be an optional which forces user validation.
+ * Access will be handled only via operator[]. Return value will be a pointer which forces user validation.
  * Insertions will be handled only via an insert/emplace function.
  * Deletions will be handled only via an erase function.
 */
 
+///
+/// \brief Data Structure defining a mapping of `key` \f$KeyT\f$ to `value` \f$ValueT\f$
+/// \details
+/// | Property   | Value      |
+/// |:----------:|:----------:|
+/// | stable     |      ⛔     |
+/// | dynamic    |      ✅     |
+/// | homogenous |      ✅     |
+/// | distinct   |      ✅     |
+/// | ordered    |      ⛔     |
+/// | space      | \f$O(N)\f$ |
+/// | linear     |      ✅     |
+/// | access     | \f$O(1)\f$ |
+/// | find       | \f$O(1)\f$ |
+/// | insertion  | \f$O(1)\f$ |
+/// | deletion   | \f$O(1)\f$ |
+///
+/// \tparam KeyT The Key Type
+/// \tparam ValueT The Value Type
+/// \tparam Hash The Hash to Use
+/// \tparam Alloc The Allocator to Use
 template<typename KeyT, typename ValueT, typename Hash = hash<KeyT>, typename Alloc = allocator<pair<KeyT, ValueT>>>
 struct map {
+
+// Definitions =========================================================================================================
 public:
-	using key_t = KeyT;
-	using value_t = ValueT;
-	using elem_t = pair<KeyT, ValueT>;
-	using alloc_t = typename allocator_traits<Alloc>::template rebind<elem_t>;
-	using hash_t = Hash;
+	struct key_hash; ///< Hash for node keys
+	struct key_equals; ///< Comparison for node keys
+	using key_t = KeyT; ///< The key type
+	using value_t = ValueT; ///< The value type
+	using elem_t = pair<KeyT, ValueT>; ///< then node type
+	using alloc_t = typename allocator_traits<Alloc>::template rebind<elem_t>; ///< Rebinds the allocator type to nodes
+	using hash_t = Hash; ///< The hash type
+	using set_t = set<elem_t, key_hash, key_equals, alloc_t>; ///< The underlying set
+	using iterator = set_t::iterator; ///< Iterator type
 
 	// We only want to hash the key
 	struct key_hash : hash_t {
@@ -62,128 +99,212 @@ public:
 	};
 
 	// We only want to compare the keys
-	struct node_equals : equality<KeyT> {
+	struct key_equals : equality<KeyT> {
 		constexpr bool operator()(const elem_t& a, const elem_t& b) const {
 			return equality<KeyT>::operator()(a.first, b.first);
 		}
 	};
 
+
+// Constructors & Destructor ===========================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Constructors & Destructor
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Default Constructor, initializes empty map
 	constexpr map() = default;
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Destructor, Destructs all elements and releases the allocation
 	constexpr ~map() = default;
 
+	/// @}
+
+
+// Properties ==========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Properties
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \returns The size of the set
+	constexpr size_t size() const {
+		return _set.size();
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \returns `true` when there are no elements in the set, `false` otherwise
+	constexpr size_t empty() const {
+		return _set.size();
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \returns The capacity of the underlying allocation
+	constexpr size_t capacity() const {
+		return _set.capacity();
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+
+// Access ==============================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Access
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Key Access Operator
+	/// \param key Key value to access
+	/// \returns A pointer to the value associated with `key`, `nullptr` if `key` is not present.
 	constexpr value_t* operator[](const KeyT& key) {
-		union U { // Hacky way of avoiding constructing the value, TODO: Check for warnings on other compilers
-			pair<KeyT, char[sizeof(ValueT)]> root;
-			pair<KeyT, ValueT> val;
-
-			~U() {
-				root.~pair<KeyT, char[sizeof(ValueT)]>();
-			}
-		} trick = { .root = { key, 0 } };
-		auto it = _set.find(trick.val);
-		if (it == _set.end()) {
-			return nullptr;
-		}
-		return &_set.at(it)->second;
+		auto it = _set.at(this->_find(key));
+		return it ? &it->second : nullptr;
 	}
 
+	///
+	/// \brief Key Const Access Operator
+	/// \param key Key value to access
+	/// \returns A const-qualified pointer to the value associated with `key`, `nullptr` if `key` is not present.
 	constexpr const value_t* operator[](const KeyT& key) const {
-		union U { // Hacky way of avoiding constructing the value, TODO: Check for warnings on other compilers
-			pair<KeyT, char[sizeof(ValueT)]> root;
-			pair<KeyT, ValueT> val;
-
-			~U() {
-				root.~pair<KeyT, char[sizeof(ValueT)]>();
-			}
-		} trick = { .root = { key, 0 } }; // Only initialize root
-		auto it = _set.find(trick.val);
-		if (it == _set.end()) {
-			return nullptr;
-		}
-		return &_set.at(it)->second;
+		auto it = _set.at(this->_find(key));
+		return it ? &it->second : nullptr;
 	}
 
+	///
+	/// \brief Argument Key Access Operator
+	/// \tparam ArgT Argument Type
+	/// \param arg Argument to construct the key with
+	/// \returns A pointer to the value associated with `key`, `nullptr` if `key` is not present.
 	template<typename...ArgsT>
 	constexpr value_t* operator[](ArgsT&&...args) {
-		union U { // Hacky way of avoiding constructing the value, TODO: Check for warnings on other compilers
-			pair<KeyT, char[sizeof(ValueT)]> root;
-			pair<KeyT, ValueT> val;
-
-			~U() {
-				root.~pair<KeyT, char[sizeof(ValueT)]>();
-			}
-		} trick = { .root = { key_t(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...), 0 } }; // Only initialize root
-		auto it = _set.find(trick.val);
-		if (it == _set.end()) {
-			return nullptr;
-		}
-		return &_set.at(it)->second;
+		auto it = _set.at(this->_find(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...));
+		return it ? &it->second : nullptr;
 	}
 
+	///
+	/// \brief Argument Key Const Access Operator
+	/// \tparam ArgsT Argument Type
+	/// \param args Argument to construct the key with
+	/// \returns A const-qualified pointer to the value associated with `key`, `nullptr` if `key` is not present.
 	template<typename...ArgsT>
 	constexpr const value_t* operator[](ArgsT&&...args) const {
-		union U { // Hacky way of avoiding constructing the value, TODO: Check for warnings on other compilers
-			pair<KeyT, char[sizeof(ValueT)]> root;
-			pair<KeyT, ValueT> val;
-
-			~U() {
-				root.~pair<KeyT, char[sizeof(ValueT)]>();
-			}
-		} trick = { .root = { key_t(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...), 0 } }; // Only initialize root
-		auto it = _set.find(trick.val);
-		if (it == _set.end()) {
-			return nullptr;
-		}
-		return &_set.at(it)->second;
+		auto it = _set.at(this->_find(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...));
+		return it ? &it->second : nullptr;
 	}
 
+	/// @}
+
+
+// Modifiers ===========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Modifiers
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Key-Value Insertion
+	/// \param pair a pair containing the key and its value
 	constexpr void insert(elem_t&& pair) {
-		auto it = _set.find(pair);
-		if (it == _set.end()) {
-			_set.at(it)->second = fennec::move(pair.second);
-			return;
-		}
-		_set.insert(fennec::forward<elem_t>(pair));
+		this->_insert(fennec::forward<elem_t>(pair));
 	}
 
+	///
+	/// \brief Key-Value Insertion
+	/// \param args Arguments for constructing the key-value pair
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	constexpr void emplace(const KeyT& key, ArgsT&&...args) {
+		this->_insert(key, fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Key-Value Insertion
+	/// \param args Arguments for constructing the key-value pair
 	template<typename...ArgsT>
 	constexpr void emplace(ArgsT&&...args) {
-		_set.insert(elem_t(args...));
+		this->_insert(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
 	}
 
+	///
+	/// \brief Erase a key
+	/// \param key key to erase
 	constexpr void erase(KeyT&& key) {
-		union U { // Hacky way of avoiding constructing the value, TODO: Check for warnings on other compilers
-			pair<KeyT, char[sizeof(ValueT)]> root;
-			pair<KeyT, ValueT> val;
-
-			~U() {
-				root.~pair<KeyT, char[sizeof(ValueT)]>();
-			}
-		} trick = { .root = { fennec::forward<KeyT>(key), 0 } };
-		_set.erase(trick.val);
+		_set.erase(this->_find(fennec::forward<KeyT>(key)));
 	}
 
+	///
+	/// \brief Erase a key
+	/// \param key key to erase
 	constexpr void erase(const KeyT& key) {
-		KeyT val = key;
-		erase(fennec::move(val));
+		_set.erase(this->_find(key));
 	}
 
+	///
+	/// \brief Argument Erase
+	/// \tparam ArgsT Argument Types
+	/// \param args Arguments to construct a key to erase
 	template<typename...ArgsT>
 	constexpr void erase(ArgsT&&...args) {
-		union U { // Hacky way of avoiding constructing the value, TODO: Check for warnings on other compilers
-			pair<KeyT, char[sizeof(ValueT)]> root;
-			pair<KeyT, ValueT> val;
-
-			~U() {
-				root.~pair<KeyT, char[sizeof(ValueT)]>();
-			}
-		} trick = { .root = { KeyT(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...), 0 } };
-		_set.erase(trick.val);
+		_set.erase(this->_find(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...));
 	}
 
+	///
+	/// \brief Clears the map destructing all elements
+	void clear() {
+		_set.clear();
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+
+// Iteration ===========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Iteration
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief C++ Iterator Specification `begin()`
+	/// \returns an iterator at the start of the map
+	constexpr iterator begin() {
+		return _set.begin();
+	}
+
+
+	///
+	/// \brief C++ Iterator Specification `end()`
+	/// \returns an iterator at the end of the map
+	constexpr iterator end() {
+		return _set.end();
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
 
 private:
-	set<elem_t, key_hash, node_equals, alloc_t> _set;
+	 set_t _set;
+
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	set_t::iterator _find(ArgsT&&...args) const {
+		union U { // Hacky way of avoiding constructing the value, TODO: Check for warnings on other compilers
+			pair<KeyT, char[sizeof(ValueT)]> root;
+			pair<KeyT, ValueT> val;
+
+			~U() {
+				fennec::destruct(&root);
+			}
+		} trick = { .root = { KeyT(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...), 0 } };
+		return _set.find(trick.val);
+	}
+
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	constexpr void _insert(ArgsT&&...args) {
+		elem_t elem(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+		auto it = this->_find(elem.first);
+		if (it != _set.end()) {
+			_set.at(it)->second = fennec::move(elem.second);
+		} else {
+			_set.insert(fennec::move(elem));
+		}
+	}
 };
 
 }

include/fennec/containers/multiset.h

@@ -0,0 +1,586 @@
+// =====================================================================================================================
+//  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+//  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+//
+//  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+//  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+//  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+//  (at your option) any later version.
+//
+//  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+//  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+//  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+//  GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+//  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+//  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+// =====================================================================================================================
+
+///
+/// \file multiset.h
+/// \brief A header containing the definition for a set of repeating values
+///
+///
+/// \details
+/// \author Medusa Slockbower
+///
+/// \copyright Copyright © 2025 Medusa Slockbower ([GPLv3](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html))
+///
+///
+
+#ifndef FENNEC_CONTAINERS_MULTISET_H
+#define FENNEC_CONTAINERS_MULTISET_H
+
+// https://programming.guide/robin-hood-hashing.html
+
+#include <fennec/containers/optional.h>
+#include <fennec/containers/multiset.h>
+#include <fennec/lang/compare.h>
+#include <fennec/math/ext/primes.h>
+#include <fennec/memory/allocator.h>
+#include <fennec/lang/hashing.h>
+
+namespace fennec
+{
+
+///
+///
+/// \brief A Data Structure that defines a set of elements that may repeat
+/// \details
+/// | Property   | Value      |
+/// |:----------:|:----------:|
+/// | stable     |      ⛔     |
+/// | dynamic    |      ✅     |
+/// | homogenous |      ✅     |
+/// | distinct   |      ⛔     |
+/// | ordered    |      ⛔     |
+/// | space      | \f$O(N)\f$ |
+/// | linear     |      ✅     |
+/// | access     | \f$O(1)\f$ |
+/// | find       | \f$O(1)\f$ |
+/// | insertion  | \f$O(1)\f$ |
+/// | deletion   | \f$O(1)\f$ |
+///
+/// \tparam TypeT The type to contain
+template<typename TypeT, class Hash = hash<TypeT>, class Equals = equality<TypeT>, class Alloc = allocator<TypeT>>
+struct multiset {
+
+// Definitions =========================================================================================================
+public:
+	using alloc_t = typename allocator_traits<Alloc>::template rebind<TypeT>;
+	using hash_t = Hash;
+	using equal_t = Equals;
+	using elem_t = TypeT;
+
+	class iterator;
+	class value_iterator;
+	static constexpr size_t npos = -1;
+	static constexpr double default_load = 0.8;
+
+private:
+	struct node {
+		optional<elem_t> value;
+		int psl;
+
+		constexpr node() = default;
+		constexpr ~node() = default;
+	};
+
+// Constructors ========================================================================================================
+public:
+
+	/// \name Constructors & Destructor
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Default Constructor, initializes empty multiset
+	constexpr multiset()
+		: _alloc()
+		, _hash()
+		, _size(0)
+		, _sumpsl(0)
+		, _load(default_load) {
+	};
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Hash Copy Constructor, initializes empty multiset with a hash
+	constexpr multiset(const hash_t& hash)
+		: _alloc()
+		, _hash(hash)
+		, _size(0)
+		, _sumpsl(0)
+		, _load(default_load) {
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Hash Move Constructor, initializes empty multiset with a hash
+	constexpr multiset(hash_t&& hash) noexcept
+		: _alloc()
+		, _hash(hash)
+		, _size(0)
+		, _sumpsl(0)
+		, _load(default_load) {
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Alloc Copy Constructor, initializes empty multiset with an allocator
+	constexpr multiset(const alloc_t& alloc)
+		: _alloc(alloc)
+		, _hash()
+		, _size(0)
+		, _sumpsl(0)
+		, _load(default_load) {
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Alloc Move Constructor, initializes empty multiset with an allocator
+	constexpr multiset(alloc_t&& alloc) noexcept
+		: _alloc(alloc)
+		, _hash()
+		, _size(0)
+		, _sumpsl(0)
+		, _load(default_load) {
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Hash Alloc Copy Constructor, initializes empty multiset with a hash and allocator
+	constexpr multiset(const hash_t& hash, const alloc_t& alloc)
+		: _alloc(alloc)
+		, _hash(hash)
+		, _size(0)
+		, _sumpsl(0)
+		, _load(default_load) {
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Hash Copy Alloc Move Constructor, initializes empty multiset with a hash and allocator
+	constexpr multiset(const hash_t& hash, alloc_t&& alloc) noexcept
+		: _alloc(alloc)
+		, _hash(hash)
+		, _size(0)
+		, _sumpsl(0)
+		, _load(default_load) {
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Hash Move Alloc Move Constructor, initializes empty multiset with a hash and allocator
+	constexpr multiset(hash_t&& hash, alloc_t&& alloc) noexcept
+		: _alloc(alloc)
+		, _hash(hash)
+		, _size(0)
+		, _sumpsl(0)
+		, _load(default_load) {
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Hash Move Alloc Copy Constructor, initializes empty multiset with a hash and allocator
+	constexpr multiset(hash_t&& hash, const alloc_t& alloc) noexcept
+		: _alloc(alloc)
+		, _hash(hash)
+		, _size(0)
+		, _sumpsl(0)
+		, _load(default_load) {
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Set Copy Constructor
+	/// \param multiset Set to copy
+	constexpr multiset(const multiset& multiset)
+		: _alloc( multiset._alloc)
+		, _hash( multiset._hash)
+		, _size( multiset._size)
+		, _sumpsl( multiset._sumpsl)
+		, _load( multiset._load) {
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Set Move Constructor
+	/// \param multiset Set to move
+	constexpr multiset(multiset&& multiset) noexcept
+		: _alloc(fennec::move( multiset._alloc))
+		, _hash(fennec::move( multiset._hash))
+		, _size(fennec::move( multiset._size))
+		, _sumpsl( multiset._sumpsl)
+		, _load( multiset._load) {
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Destructor, destructs all elements and releases the allocation
+	constexpr ~multiset() {
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < capacity(); ++i) {
+			_alloc[i].value = nullopt;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+
+// Properties ==========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Properties
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \returns Size of the multiset in elements
+	constexpr size_t size() const {
+		return _size;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \returns `true` when the set is empty, `false` otherwise
+	constexpr bool empty() const {
+		return _size == 0;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \returns Capacity of the multiset in elements
+	constexpr size_t capacity() const {
+		return _alloc.capacity();
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+
+// Access ==============================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Access
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Find an Element
+	/// \param val Value to find
+	/// \returns An iterator at the location of the first instance of `value`
+	constexpr iterator find(const elem_t& val, size_t c = 0) const {
+		if (capacity() == 0) {
+			return end();
+		}
+		size_t s = _hash(val) % capacity();              // Initial search index
+		int    psl = (_size != 0) ? _sumpsl / _size : 0; // Initial psl
+		size_t i = (s + psl) % capacity();               // Median search
+		size_t n = 0;
+
+		// Check the first element;
+		if (_alloc[i].psl >= psl && _alloc[i].value) {
+			if (*_alloc[i].value == val) {
+				return iterator(this, i);
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Loop while there is a value and its psl is greater than our probe
+		while (c > 0) {
+			++n;
+			size_t i0 = (i + capacity() - n) % capacity(); // Prevent index underflow
+			size_t i1 = (i + n) % capacity();
+			int    p0 = psl - n, p1 = psl + n;
+			bool   c0  = p0 >= 0 && _alloc[i0].psl >= p0, c1 = _alloc[i1].psl >= p1; // Check that we are in range
+
+			if (c0 && _alloc[i0].value) {
+				if (*_alloc[i0].value == val) {
+					if (c-- == 0) {
+						return iterator(this, i0);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (c1 && _alloc[i1].value) {
+				if (*_alloc[i1].value == val) {
+					if (c-- == 0) {
+						return iterator(this, i1);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (not(c0 or c1)) {
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		return iterator(this, npos);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Check if a multiset contains a value
+	/// \param val Value to check
+	/// \returns `true` if `val` can be found, `false` otherwise
+	constexpr bool contains(const elem_t& val) const {
+		return this->find(val) != end();
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Iterator Access
+	/// \param it Location to access
+	/// \returns A pointer to the element, `nullptr` if not found.
+	///          The value should not be changed in a manner that will change the hash of the element.
+	constexpr elem_t* at(const iterator& it) {
+		if (it == end()) {
+			return nullptr;
+		}
+		if (not _alloc[it._i].value) {
+			return nullptr;
+		}
+		return &*_alloc[it._i].value;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Iterator Const Access
+	/// \param it Location to access
+	/// \returns A const-qualified pointer to the element, `nullptr` if not found.
+	constexpr const elem_t* at(const iterator& it) const {
+		if (not _alloc[it._i].value) return nullptr;
+		return &*_alloc[it._i].value;
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+// Modifiers ===========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Modifiers
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Move Insertion
+	/// \param val Value to insert
+	constexpr void insert(elem_t&& val) {
+		this->_insert(fennec::forward<elem_t>(val));
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Copy Insertion
+	/// \param val Value to insert
+	constexpr void insert(const elem_t& val) {
+		this->_insert(val);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Emplace Insertion
+	/// \tparam ArgsT Argument types
+	/// \param args Arguments to construct with
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	constexpr void emplace(ArgsT&&...args) {
+		this->_insert(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Element Erase
+	/// \param it Location to erase
+	constexpr void erase(iterator it) {
+		size_t i = it._i;
+		if (i >= capacity()) {
+			return;
+		} // These are separated due to compilers being inconsistent
+		if (not _alloc[i].value) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		_alloc[i].value = nullopt;
+		_sumpsl -= _alloc[i].psl;
+		--_size;
+		size_t p = i;
+		while (_alloc[i = (i + 1) % capacity()].value) {
+			if (_alloc[i].psl == 0) break;
+
+			fennec::swap(_alloc[i - 1].value, _alloc[i].value);
+			--_alloc[p].psl, --_sumpsl;
+			p = i;
+		}
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Element Erase
+	/// \param val Value to erase
+	constexpr void erase(const elem_t& val) {
+		this->erase(this->find(val));
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+
+// ITERATOR ============================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Iteration
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief C++ Iterator Specification `begin()`
+	/// \returns An iterator for all elements of the set in no particular order
+	constexpr iterator begin() const {
+		iterator it(this, 0);
+		if (not _alloc[it._i].value) {
+			++it;
+		}
+		return it;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief C++ Iterator Specification `end()`
+	/// \returns An iterator representing the end of the set
+	constexpr iterator end() const {
+		return iterator(this, npos);
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Class for Iterating the Set
+	class iterator {
+	public:
+		constexpr ~iterator() {
+			_set = nullptr;
+		}
+
+		// prefix operator
+		constexpr iterator& operator++() {
+			while (++_i < _set->capacity()) {
+				if (_set->_alloc[_i].value) {
+					return *this;
+				}
+			}
+			_i = npos;
+			return *this;
+		}
+
+		constexpr iterator operator++(int) {
+			iterator prev = *this;
+			this->operator++();
+			return prev;
+		}
+
+		constexpr const elem_t& operator*() const {
+			return *_set->_alloc[_i].value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr const elem_t* operator->() const {
+			if (not _set->_alloc[_i].value) return nullptr;
+			return &*_set->_alloc[_i].value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr bool operator==(const iterator& it) const {
+			return _set == it._set and _i == it._i;
+		}
+
+		constexpr bool operator!=(const iterator& it) const {
+			return _set != it._set or _i != it._i;
+		}
+
+	private:
+		const multiset* _set;
+		size_t _i;
+		friend multiset;
+
+		constexpr iterator(const multiset* multiset, size_t i)
+			: _set(multiset)
+			, _i(i) {
+		}
+	};
+
+	class value_iterator {
+	public:
+		constexpr ~value_iterator() {
+			_set = nullptr;
+		}
+
+		// prefix operator
+		constexpr value_iterator& operator++() {
+			while (_psl <= _set->_alloc[_i].psl) {
+				if (not _set->_alloc[_i].value) {
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			_i = npos;
+			return *this;
+		}
+
+		constexpr value_iterator operator++(int) {
+			value_iterator prev = *this;
+			this->operator++();
+			return prev;
+		}
+
+		constexpr const elem_t& operator*() const {
+			return *_set->_alloc[_i].value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr const elem_t* operator->() const {
+			if (not _set->_alloc[_i].value) return nullptr;
+			return &*_set->_alloc[_i].value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr bool operator==(const iterator& it) const {
+			return _set == it._set and _i == it._i;
+		}
+
+		constexpr bool operator!=(const iterator& it) const {
+			return _set != it._set or _i != it._i;
+		}
+
+	private:
+		const multiset* _set;
+		size_t _i;
+		int _psl;
+		elem_t _value;
+		friend multiset;
+
+		constexpr value_iterator(const multiset* multiset, size_t i, int psl, const elem_t& value)
+			: _set(multiset)
+			, _i(i)
+			, _value(value) {
+		}
+	};
+
+
+// PRIVATE =============================================================================================================
+
+private:
+	constexpr void _expand() {
+		multiset cpy; // Create a new multiset
+		cpy._alloc.callocate(
+			fennec::next_prime2(_alloc.capacity())
+		);
+
+		// rehash
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < capacity(); ++i) {
+			if (_alloc[i].value) {
+				cpy.insert(fennec::move(*_alloc[i].value));
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Swap buffers
+		fennec::swap(_alloc, cpy._alloc);
+	}
+
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	constexpr void _insert(ArgsT&&...args) {
+		if (_size == 0 or static_cast<float>(_size) / capacity() >= _load) { // expand when full
+			_expand();
+		}
+
+		elem_t value(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+		size_t i = _hash(value) % capacity(); // Initial search index
+		int psl = 0;
+		while (_alloc[i].value) { // Search for empty cell
+			if (_equal(*_alloc[i].value, value)) { // Check to see if this element is already inserted
+				return;
+			}
+			if (psl > _alloc[i].psl) { // When psl is higher, swap
+				_sumpsl += psl - _alloc[i].psl;
+				fennec::swap(_alloc[i].psl, psl);
+				fennec::swap(*_alloc[i].value, value);
+			}
+			i = (i + 1) % capacity(); ++psl;
+		}
+		_alloc[i].value = fennec::move(value);
+		_sumpsl += (_alloc[i].psl = psl);
+		++_size;
+	}
+
+	allocation<node, alloc_t> _alloc;
+	hash_t  _hash;
+	equal_t _equal;
+	size_t  _size;
+	size_t  _sumpsl;
+	float   _load;
+};
+
+}
+
+#endif // FENNEC_CONTAINERS_SET_H

include/fennec/containers/object_pool.h

@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+// =====================================================================================================================
+//  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+//  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+//
+//  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+//  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+//  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+//  (at your option) any later version.
+//
+//  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+//  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+//  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+//  GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+//  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+//  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+// =====================================================================================================================
+
+///
+/// \file object_pool.h
+/// \brief A header containing the definition for a pool of objects associated by ids
+///
+///
+/// \details
+/// \author Medusa Slockbower
+///
+/// \copyright Copyright © 2025 Medusa Slockbower ([GPLv3](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html))
+///
+///
+
+#ifndef FENNEC_CONTAINERS_OBJECT_POOL_H
+#define FENNEC_CONTAINERS_OBJECT_POOL_H
+
+#include <fennec/containers/dynarray.h>
+#include <fennec/containers/list.h>
+#include <fennec/containers/optional.h>
+
+namespace fennec
+{
+
+///
+/// \brief Struct which holds a pool of objects associated with ids
+/// \tparam TypeT The value type
+/// \tparam AllocT The allocator type
+template<typename TypeT, typename AllocT = allocator<TypeT>>
+struct object_pool {
+
+// Definitions =========================================================================================================
+public:
+	using value_t = TypeT;
+	using elem_t  = optional<TypeT>;
+	using table_t = dynarray<elem_t, AllocT>;
+
+
+// Constructors & Destructor ===========================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Constructors & Destructor
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Default Constructor, initializes an empty object pool
+	constexpr object_pool()
+		: _size(0) {
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Default Destructor, destructs objects then releases the allocation.
+	constexpr ~object_pool() = default;
+
+	/// @}
+
+
+// Properties ==========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Properties
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \returns The number of active objects in the pool
+	constexpr size_t size() const {
+		return _size;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \returns The capacity of the underlying allocation
+	constexpr size_t capacity() const {
+		return _table.capacity();
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \returns `true` when there are no objects in the pool, `false` otherwise
+	constexpr bool empty() const {
+		return size() == 0;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Retrieve the next id `i` that would be assigned to an object `o` were it added to the object pool
+	///
+	/// \details This can be useful if there are constant members that need to be assigned at construction.
+	/// \returns The id of the next inserted node
+	constexpr size_t next_id() const {
+		size_t next = _size;
+		if (not _freed.empty()) {
+			next = _freed.front();
+		}
+		return next;
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+// Access ==============================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Access
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Array Access Operator
+	/// \param i id of the object
+	/// \returns a reference to the object with id `i`
+	constexpr value_t& operator[](size_t i) {
+		assert(i < capacity(), "Index out of Bounds!");
+		assert(_table[i], "Attempted to access Null Object.");
+		return *_table[i];
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Array Const Access Operator
+	/// \param i id of the object
+	/// \returns a const-qualified reference to the object with id `i`
+	constexpr const value_t& operator[](size_t i) const {
+		assert(i < capacity(), "Index out of Bounds!");
+		assert(_table[i], "Attempted to access Null Object.");
+		return *_table[i];
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+
+// Modifiers ===========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Modifiers
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Move Insertion, inserts `x` into the pool
+	/// \param x the object to move
+	/// \returns An integer corresponding to the id of the node
+	constexpr size_t insert(value_t&& x) {
+		return this->_insert(fennec::forward<value_t>(x));
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Move Insertion, inserts a copy of `x` into the pool
+	/// \param x the object to copy
+	/// \returns An integer corresponding to the id of the node
+	constexpr size_t insert(const value_t& x) {
+		return this->_insert(x);
+	}
+
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Emplacement, constructs a new object using `args...`
+	/// \param args The arguments to construct the new object with
+	/// \returns An integer corresponding to the id of the node
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	constexpr size_t emplace(ArgsT&&...args) {
+		return this->_insert(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Erase an object from the pool
+	/// \param i The id of the object
+	constexpr void erase(size_t i) {
+		_table[i] = nullopt;
+		_freed.push_back(i);
+		--_size;
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+private:
+	dynarray<elem_t, AllocT> _table;
+	list<size_t> _freed;
+	size_t      _size;
+
+	size_t _next_free() {
+		size_t next = _size;
+		if (not _freed.empty()) {
+			next = _freed.front();
+			_freed.pop_front();
+		}
+		++_size;
+		return next;
+	}
+
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	size_t _insert(ArgsT&&...args) {
+		size_t i = _next_free();
+		if (i >= _table.size()) {
+			_table.emplace_back();
+		}
+		_table[i].emplace(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+		return i;
+	}
+};
+
+}
+
+#endif // FENNEC_CONTAINERS_OBJECT_POOL_H

include/fennec/containers/optional.h

@@ -16,6 +16,18 @@
 //  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 // =====================================================================================================================
 
+///
+/// \file optional.h
+/// \brief A header containing the definition for a container with an optionally present variable
+///
+///
+/// \details
+/// \author Medusa Slockbower
+///
+/// \copyright Copyright © 2025 Medusa Slockbower ([GPLv3](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html))
+///
+///
+
 #ifndef FENNEC_CONTAINERS_OPTIONAL_H
 #define FENNEC_CONTAINERS_OPTIONAL_H
 
@@ -37,12 +49,19 @@ constexpr nullopt_t nullopt_v = {};
 /// \tparam T
 template<typename T>
 struct optional {
+
+// Definitions =========================================================================================================
 public:
-// Constructors ========================================================================================================
 	using reference_t = T&;
-	using pointer_t = add_pointer_t<remove_reference_t<T>>;
-	using const_reference_t = const T&;
-	using const_pointer_t = const add_pointer_t<remove_reference_t<T>>;
+	using pointer_t = T*;
+	using const_reference_t = T&;
+	using const_pointer_t = const T*;
+
+
+// Constructors ========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Constructors & Destructor
+	/// @{
 
 	///
 	/// \brief Default Constructor
@@ -59,18 +78,18 @@ public:
 	}
 
 	///
-	/// \brief Fundamental Type Constructor
+	/// \brief Type Copy Constructor
 	/// \param val the value to initialize the underlying object with
-	constexpr optional(T val) requires is_fundamental_v<T>
+	constexpr optional(const T& val)
 		: _val(val)
 		, _set(true) {
 	}
 
 	///
-	/// \brief Type Copy Constructor
+	/// \brief Type Move Constructor
 	/// \param val the value to initialize the underlying object with
-	constexpr optional(const T& val)
-		: _val(val)
+	constexpr optional(T&& val)
+		: _val(fennec::forward<T>(val))
 		, _set(true) {
 	}
 
@@ -97,25 +116,56 @@ public:
 		opt = nullopt;
 	}
 
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	constexpr optional(ArgsT&&...args)
+		: _val(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...)
+		, _set(true) {
+	}
+
 	constexpr ~optional() {
 		if constexpr(is_fundamental_v<T>) {
 			return;
 		}
 		if (_set) {
-			_val.~T();
+			fennec::destruct(&_val);
 		}
 	}
 
+	/// @}
+
+
+// Properties ==========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Properties
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Implicit Boolean Check, returns `true` when there is a value contained
+	constexpr operator bool() const {
+		return _set;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \returns `true` when there is no held value, `false` otherwise.
+	constexpr bool empty() const {
+		return not _set;
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
 
 // Assignment Operators ================================================================================================
 
+	/// \name Assignment
+	/// @{
+
 	///
 	/// \brief Fundamental Type Assignment
-	/// \val The value to set with
+	/// \param val The value to set with
 	constexpr optional& operator=(nullopt_t) {
 		if constexpr(not is_fundamental_v<T>) {
 			if (_set) {
-				_val.~T();
+				fennec::destruct(&_val);
 			}
 		}
 		_root = '\0';
@@ -125,7 +175,7 @@ public:
 
 	///
 	/// \brief Type Copy Assignment
-	/// \val The value to set with
+	/// \param val The value to set with
 	constexpr optional& operator=(const T& val) requires is_copy_constructible_v<T> and is_copy_assignable_v<T> {
 		if (_set) {
 			_val = val;
@@ -138,12 +188,12 @@ public:
 
 	///
 	/// \brief Type Move Assignment
-	/// \val The value to set with
+	/// \param val The value to set with
 	constexpr optional& operator=(T&& val) requires is_move_constructible_v<T> and is_move_assignable_v<T> {
 		if (_set) {
-			_val = fennec::move(val);
+			_val = fennec::forward<T>(val);
 		} else {
-			fennec::construct(&_val, fennec::move(val));
+			fennec::construct(&_val, fennec::forward<T>(val));
 			_set = true;
 		}
 		return *this;
@@ -151,14 +201,14 @@ public:
 
 	///
 	/// \brief Copy Assignment
-	/// \val The optional to copy
+	/// \param opt The optional to copy
 	constexpr optional& operator=(const optional& opt) requires is_copy_constructible_v<T> and is_copy_assignable_v<T> {
 		if (_set != opt._set) {
 			_set = opt._set;
 			if (_set) { // Construct
 				fennec::construct(&_val, opt._val);
 			} else { // Destruct
-				_val.~T();
+				fennec::destruct(&_val);
 				_root = 0;
 			}
 		} else if (_set) { // Copy Assignment
@@ -169,14 +219,14 @@ public:
 
 	///
 	/// \brief Move Assignment
-	/// \val The optional to move
+	/// \param opt The optional to move
 	constexpr optional& operator=(optional&& opt) noexcept requires is_move_constructible_v<T> and is_move_assignable_v<T> {
 		if (_set != opt._set) {
 			_set = opt._set;
 			if (_set) { // Construct
 				fennec::construct(&_val, fennec::move(opt._val));
 			} else { // Destruct
-				_val.~T();
+				fennec::destruct(&_val);
 				_root = 0;
 			}
 		} else if (_set) { // Copy Assignment
@@ -185,6 +235,68 @@ public:
 		return *this;
 	}
 
+	/// @}
+
+
+// Access ==============================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Access
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \returns A pointer to the value, `nullptr` if there is no value
+	constexpr pointer_t operator->() noexcept {
+		return _set ? &_val : nullptr;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \returns A const-qualified pointer to the value, `nullptr` if there is no value
+	constexpr const_pointer_t operator->() const noexcept {
+		return _set ? &_val : nullptr;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Dereference Operator
+	/// \returns A reference to the value
+	constexpr T& operator*() & noexcept {
+		assertd(_set, "Attempted to reference the value of an unset optional");
+		return _val;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Const Dereference Operator
+	/// \returns A const-qualified reference to the value
+	constexpr const T& operator*() const& noexcept {
+		assertd(_set, "Attempted to reference the value of an unset optional");
+		return _val;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Dereference Operator
+	/// \returns A reference to the value
+	constexpr T&& operator*() && noexcept {
+		assertd(_set, "Attempted to reference the value of an unset optional");
+		return _val;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Const Dereference Operator
+	/// \returns A const-qualified reference to the value
+	constexpr const T&& operator*() const&& noexcept {
+		assertd(_set, "Attempted to reference the value of an unset optional");
+		return _val;
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+// Modifiers ===========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Modifiers
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Emplace Assignment
+	/// \val The optional to move
 	template<typename...ArgsT>
 	constexpr T& emplace(ArgsT&&...args) {
 		if (_set) {
@@ -196,44 +308,13 @@ public:
 		return _val;
 	}
 
+	///
+	/// \brief Reset the Optional
 	void reset() {
 		this->operator=(nullopt);
 	}
 
-
-// Operators ===========================================================================================================
-
-	constexpr operator bool() const {
-		return _set;
-	}
-
-	constexpr pointer_t operator->() noexcept {
-		return _set ? &_val : nullptr;
-	}
-
-	constexpr const pointer_t operator->() const noexcept {
-		return _set ? &_val : nullptr;
-	}
-
-	constexpr T& operator*() & noexcept {
-		assertd(_set, "Attempted to reference the value of an unset optional");
-		return _val;
-	}
-
-	constexpr const T& operator*() const& noexcept {
-		assertd(_set, "Attempted to reference the value of an unset optional");
-		return _val;
-	}
-
-	constexpr T&& operator*() && noexcept {
-		assertd(_set, "Attempted to reference the value of an unset optional");
-		return _val;
-	}
-
-	constexpr const T&& operator*() const&& noexcept {
-		assertd(_set, "Attempted to reference the value of an unset optional");
-		return _val;
-	}
+	/// @}
 
 
 

include/fennec/containers/pair.h

@@ -16,6 +16,18 @@
 //  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 // =====================================================================================================================
 
+///
+/// \file pair.h
+/// \brief A header containing the definition for a container holding a pair of values
+///
+///
+/// \details
+/// \author Medusa Slockbower
+///
+/// \copyright Copyright © 2025 Medusa Slockbower ([GPLv3](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html))
+///
+///
+
 #ifndef FENNEC_CONTAINERS_PAIR_H
 #define FENNEC_CONTAINERS_PAIR_H
 
@@ -28,67 +40,144 @@ namespace fennec
 
 // TODO: Document
 
-template<typename T0, typename T1>
+///
+/// \brief Struct for holding a pair of values
+/// \tparam TypeT0 The type of the first value
+/// \tparam TypeT1 The type of the second value
+template<typename TypeT0, typename TypeT1>
 struct pair {
+
+// Members =============================================================================================================
+
+	TypeT0 first; ///< The first value in the pair
+	TypeT1 second; ///< The second value in the pair
+
+// Constructors ========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Constructors & Destructor
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Default Constructor, invokes default constructor for both elements
 	constexpr pair() = default;
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Destructor, invokes destructor for both elements
 	constexpr ~pair() = default;
 
-	constexpr pair(const T0& x, const T1& y)
+	///
+	/// \brief Pair Copy Constructor
+	/// \param x Value to copy for the first element
+	/// \param y Value to copy for the first element
+	constexpr pair(const TypeT0& x, const TypeT1& y)
 		: first(x)
 		, second(y) {
 	}
 
-	constexpr pair(T0&& x, T1&& y) noexcept
-		: first(fennec::forward<T0>(x))
-		, second(fennec::forward<T1>(y)) {
+	///
+	/// \brief Pair Move Constructor
+	/// \param x Value to move for the first element
+	/// \param y Value to move for the first element
+	constexpr pair(TypeT0&& x, TypeT1&& y) noexcept
+		: first(fennec::forward<TypeT0>(x))
+		, second(fennec::forward<TypeT1>(y)) {
 	}
 
+	///
+	/// \brief Pair Implicit Constructor
+	/// \param arg1 Value to initialize the first element
+	/// \param arg2 Value to initialize the first element
 	template<typename Arg1T, typename Arg2T>
 	constexpr pair(Arg1T&& arg1, Arg2T&& arg2)
 		: first(fennec::forward<Arg1T>(arg1))
 		, second(fennec::forward<Arg2T>(arg2)) {
 	}
 
+	///
+	/// \brief Copy Constructor, copies both elements
 	constexpr pair(const pair&) = default;
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Move Constructor, moves both elements
 	constexpr pair(pair&&) noexcept = default;
 
-	pair& operator=(const pair&) = default;
-	pair& operator=(pair&&) noexcept = default;
+	///
+	/// \brief Copy Assignment, copies both elements
+	constexpr pair& operator=(const pair&) = default;
 
-	bool operator==(const pair& p) const {
+	///
+	/// \brief Move Assignment, moves both elements
+	constexpr pair& operator=(pair&&) noexcept = default;
+
+	/// @}
+
+
+// Comparison ==========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Comparison
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Equality Operator
+	/// \param p Pair to compare with
+	/// \returns `true` when both elements of each pair are equal
+	constexpr bool operator==(const pair& p) const {
 		return first == p.first and second == p.second;
 	}
 
-	bool operator!=(const pair& p) const {
+	///
+	/// \brief Inequality Operator
+	/// \param p Pair to compare with
+	/// \returns `true` when either element of each pair are equal
+	constexpr bool operator!=(const pair& p) const {
 		return first != p.first or second != p.second;
 	}
 
-	bool operator<(const pair& p) const {
+	///
+	/// \brief Less Than Operator
+	/// \param p Pair to compare with
+	/// \returns lexical comparison of both elements, i.e. returns `true` when the first element is less, or they are
+	///          equal and the second element is less
+	constexpr bool operator<(const pair& p) const {
 		return first < p.first or (first == p.first and second < p.second);
 	}
 
-	bool operator<=(const pair& p) const {
+	///
+	/// \brief Less Equal Operator
+	/// \param p Pair to compare with
+	/// \returns lexical comparison of both elements, i.e. returns `true` when the first element is less, or they are
+	///          equal and the second element is less or equal
+	constexpr bool operator<=(const pair& p) const {
 		return first < p.first or (first == p.first and second <= p.second);
 	}
 
-	bool operator>(const pair& p) const {
+	///
+	/// \brief Greater Than Operator
+	/// \param p Pair to compare with
+	/// \returns lexical comparison of both elements, i.e. returns `true` when the first element is greater, or they are
+	///          equal and the second element is greater
+	constexpr bool operator>(const pair& p) const {
 		return first > p.first or (first == p.first and second > p.second);
 	}
 
-	bool operator>=(const pair& p) const {
+	///
+	/// \brief Greater Equal Operator
+	/// \param p Pair to compare with
+	/// \returns lexical comparison of both elements, i.e. returns `true` when the first element is greater, or they are
+	///          equal and the second element is greater or equal
+	constexpr bool operator>=(const pair& p) const {
 		return first > p.first or (first == p.first and second >= p.second);
 	}
 
-	T0 first;
-	T1 second;
+	/// @}
 };
 
-template<typename T0, typename T1>
-struct hash<pair<T0, T1>> : hash<T0>, hash<T1> {
-	constexpr size_t operator()(const pair<T0, T1>& p) const {
+template<typename TypeT0, typename TypeT1>
+struct hash<pair<TypeT0, TypeT1>> : hash<TypeT0>, hash<TypeT1> {
+	constexpr size_t operator()(const pair<TypeT0, TypeT1>& p) const {
 		return fennec::pair_hash( // pair the hashes of both elements
-			hash<T0>::operator()(p.first),
-			hash<T1>::operator()(p.second)
+			hash<TypeT0>::operator()(p.first),
+			hash<TypeT1>::operator()(p.second)
 		);
 	}
 };

include/fennec/containers/rdtree.h

@@ -0,0 +1,626 @@
+// =====================================================================================================================
+//  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+//  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+//
+//  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+//  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+//  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+//  (at your option) any later version.
+//
+//  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+//  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+//  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+//  GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+//  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+//  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+// =====================================================================================================================
+
+///
+/// \file rdtree.h
+/// \brief A header containing the definition for a tree with a root and directed edges
+///
+///
+/// \details
+/// \author Medusa Slockbower
+///
+/// \copyright Copyright © 2025 Medusa Slockbower ([GPLv3](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html))
+///
+///
+
+#ifndef FENNEC_CONTAINERS_RDTREE_H
+#define FENNEC_CONTAINERS_RDTREE_H
+
+#include <fennec/containers/list.h>
+#include <fennec/containers/optional.h>
+#include <fennec/containers/traversal.h>
+#include <fennec/memory/allocator.h>
+
+namespace fennec
+{
+
+///
+/// \brief Rooted-Directed Tree
+/// \tparam TypeT Data type
+/// \tparam AllocT Allocator Type
+template<typename TypeT, typename AllocT = allocator<TypeT>>
+struct rdtree {
+
+// Definitions =========================================================================================================
+protected:
+	struct node;
+
+public:
+	using value_t = TypeT;
+	using alloc_t = typename allocator_traits<AllocT>::template rebind<node>;
+	static constexpr size_t root = 0;
+	static constexpr size_t npos = -1;
+
+protected:
+	struct node {
+		optional<TypeT> value;
+		size_t parent, child, prev, next;
+		size_t depth, num_children;
+
+		constexpr node()
+			: value(nullopt)
+			, parent(npos), child(npos)
+			, prev(npos), next(npos)
+			, depth(0), num_children(0) {
+		}
+
+		template<typename...ArgsT>
+		constexpr node(size_t p, size_t c, size_t v, size_t n, size_t d, ArgsT&&...args)
+			: value(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...)
+			, parent(p), child(c), prev(v), next(n)
+			, depth(d), num_children(0) {
+		}
+
+		constexpr ~node() {
+			parent       = npos;
+			child        = npos;
+			prev         = npos;
+			next         = npos;
+			depth        = 0;
+			num_children = 0;
+		}
+	};
+
+public:
+
+// Constructors ========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Constructors & Destructor
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Root Constructor, constructs the root node of the tree
+	/// \tparam ArgsT The argument types
+	/// \param args The arguments to construct the root with
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	explicit constexpr rdtree(ArgsT&&...args)
+		: _table(), _freed(), _size(1) {
+		_table.creallocate(8);
+		fennec::construct(&_table[0], npos, npos, npos, npos, 0, fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Copy Constructor, copies the contents of `tree`
+	/// \param tree the rdtree to copy
+	constexpr rdtree(const rdtree& tree)
+		: _table(tree._table), _freed(tree._freed), _size(tree._size) {
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Move Constructor, takes ownership over the contents of `tree`
+	/// \param tree the rdtree to move
+	constexpr rdtree(rdtree&& tree) noexcept
+		: _table(fennec::move(tree._table)), _freed(fennec::move(tree._freed)), _size(tree._size) {
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+
+// Assignment ==========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Assignment
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Copy Assignment Operator
+	/// \param rhs the rdtree to copy
+	/// \returns `this` after copying the contents of `rhs`
+	constexpr rdtree& operator=(const rdtree& rhs) {
+		for (value_t* it : this->_table) {
+			fennec::destruct(it);
+		}
+		_table = rhs._table;
+		_freed = rhs._freed;
+		_size  = rhs._size;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Move Assignment Operator
+	/// \param rhs the rdtree to move
+	/// \returns `this` after taking ownership over the contents of `rhs`
+	constexpr rdtree& operator=(rdtree&& rhs) noexcept {
+		for (value_t* it : _table) {
+			fennec::destruct(it);
+		}
+		_table = fennec::move(rhs._table);
+		_freed = fennec::move(rhs._freed);
+		_size  = rhs._size;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+// Properties ==========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Properties
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \returns The number of nodes in the tree
+	constexpr size_t size() const {
+		return _size;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \returns The capacity of the underlying allocation
+	constexpr size_t capacity() const {
+		return _table.capacity();
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \returns `true` when there are no nodes in the tree, `false` otherwise
+	constexpr bool empty() const {
+		return _size == 0;
+	}
+
+
+// Access ==============================================================================================================
+
+	///
+	/// \param i The id of the node to check
+	/// \returns The id of the parent node
+	constexpr size_t parent(size_t i) const {
+		if (i >= _table.capacity()) return npos;
+		return i == npos ? npos : _table[i].parent;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \param i The id of the node to check
+	/// \returns The id of the child node
+	constexpr size_t child(size_t i, size_t n = 0) const {
+		if (i >= _table.capacity()) return npos;
+		size_t c = i == npos ? npos : _table[i].child;
+		if (n != 0)
+			return next(c, n == npos ? npos : n - 1);
+		return c;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \param i The id of the node to check
+	/// \returns The id of the next node
+	constexpr size_t next(size_t i, size_t n = 0) const {
+		if (i >= _table.capacity()) return npos;
+		if (i == npos) {
+			return npos;
+		}
+
+		size_t org = i;
+		size_t nxt = _table[i].next;
+		while (nxt != npos) {
+			i = nxt;
+			nxt = _table[i].next;
+			if (n != npos) {
+				if (n-- == 0) {
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return i == org && n != npos ? npos : i;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \param i The id of the node to check
+	/// \returns The id of the previous node
+	constexpr size_t prev(size_t i, size_t n = 0) const {
+		if (i >= _table.capacity()) return npos;
+		if (i == npos) {
+			return npos;
+		}
+
+		size_t org = i;
+		size_t prv = _table[i].prev;
+		while (prv != npos) {
+			i = prv;
+			prv = _table[i].prev;
+			if (n != npos) {
+				if (n-- == 0) {
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return i == org && n != npos ? npos : i;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \param i the node to start at
+	/// \returns the left-most child of node `i`
+	constexpr size_t left_most(size_t i) const {
+		if (i >= _table.capacity()) return npos;
+		size_t n = i;
+		if ((n = child(n)) == npos) {
+			return i;
+		}
+		while (true) {
+			size_t p = n;
+			if ((n = child(n)) == npos) {
+				return p;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \param i the node to start at
+	/// \returns the right-most child of node `i`
+	constexpr size_t right_most(size_t i) const {
+		if (i >= _table.capacity()) return npos;
+		if ((i = child(i)) == npos) {
+			return npos;
+		}
+		while (true) {
+			size_t n;
+			while ((n = next(i)) != npos) {
+				i = n;
+			}
+			n = i;
+			if ((i = child(i)) == npos) {
+				return n;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \param i The id of the node to check
+	/// \returns The depth of the node
+	constexpr size_t depth(size_t i) const {
+		if (i >= _table.capacity()) return npos;
+		return i == npos ? npos : _table[i].depth;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \param i The id of the node to check
+	/// \returns The number of children the node has
+	constexpr size_t num_children(size_t i) const {
+		if (i >= _table.capacity()) return 0;
+		return i == npos ? 0 : _table[i].num_children;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \returns The next node id were `insert` or `emplace` to be called
+	constexpr size_t next_id() const {
+		size_t i = _size;
+		if (not _freed.empty()) {
+			i = _freed.front();
+		}
+		return i;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \param i The id of the node to access
+	/// \returns A reference to the value of the node wrapped in an optional
+	constexpr value_t* operator[](size_t i) {
+		auto& it = _table[i].value;
+		if (it) {
+			return &*_table[i].value;
+		} else {
+			return nullptr;
+		}
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \param i The id of the node to access
+	/// \returns A const-qualified reference to the value of the node wrapped in an optional
+	constexpr const value_t* operator[](size_t i) const {
+		const auto& it = _table[i].value;
+		if (it) {
+			return &*_table[i].value;
+		} else {
+			return nullptr;
+		}
+	}
+
+
+// Insertion & Deletion ================================================================================================
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Insertion, creates a node in the tree with parent `parent`
+	/// \param parent the parent node, if `npos` sets the value of the root node
+	/// \param next the next node, as an index relative to the parent
+	/// \param val the value to insert
+	/// \returns the index of the created node
+	constexpr size_t insert(size_t parent, size_t next, const value_t& val) {
+		return this->_insert(parent, next, val);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Insertion, creates a node in the tree with parent `parent`
+	/// \param parent the parent node, if `npos` sets the value of the root node
+	/// \param next the next node, as an index relative to the parent
+	/// \param val the value to insert
+	/// \returns the index of the created node
+	constexpr size_t insert(size_t parent, size_t next, value_t&& val) {
+		return this->_insert(parent, next, fennec::forward<value_t>(val));
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Insertion, creates a node in the tree with parent `parent`
+	/// \param parent the parent node, if `npos` sets the value of the root node
+	/// \param next the next node, as an index relative to the parent
+	/// \param args the args to construct the value to insert
+	/// \returns the index of the created node
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	constexpr size_t emplace(size_t parent, size_t next, ArgsT&&...args) {
+		return this->_insert(parent, next, fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Swap two nodes
+	/// \param i0 The id of the first node
+	/// \param i1 The id of the second node
+	constexpr void swap(size_t i0, size_t i1) {
+		assertf(i0 != root and i1 != root, "Cannot Swap With Root");
+
+		size_t p0 = parent(i0);
+		size_t p1 = parent(i1);
+
+		fennec::swap(_table[i0].parent,       _table[i1].parent);
+		fennec::swap(_table[i0].child,        _table[i1].child);
+		fennec::swap(_table[i0].next,         _table[i1].next);
+		fennec::swap(_table[i0].prev,         _table[i1].prev);
+		fennec::swap(_table[i0].depth,        _table[i1].depth);
+		fennec::swap(_table[i0].num_children, _table[i1].num_children);
+
+		if (child(p0) == i0) _table[p0].child = i1;
+		if (child(p1) == i1) _table[p1].child = i0;
+	}
+
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Erase a node in the tree and all of it's children
+	/// \param i the index of the node
+	constexpr void erase(size_t i) {
+		_erase(i);
+	}
+
+
+// Traversal ===========================================================================================================
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Traverse the tree using a specified order and visiting functor
+	///
+	/// \details
+	/// The visitor should accept a reference to a value of type `TypeT` and a `size_t` which contains the node's id.
+	/// The visitor should return one of the following values in the `fennec::traversal_control_` enum
+	///
+	/// \tparam OrderT The order with which to traverse the tree.
+	/// \tparam VisitorT The visitor, should fulfill the signature `uint8_t visit(TypeT&, size_t)`
+	/// \param visit The visiting object
+	/// \param i The node to start at
+	template<typename OrderT, typename VisitorT>
+	void traverse(VisitorT&& visit, size_t i = root) {
+		OrderT order;
+		i = order(*this, i);
+		while (i != npos) {
+			uint8_t mode = traversal_control_continue;
+			if (_table[i].value) {
+				mode = visit(*_table[i].value, i);
+			}
+			if (mode == traversal_control_break) {
+				break;
+			}
+			i = order[*this, i, mode];
+		}
+	}
+
+	struct pre_order {
+		list<size_t> visit;
+		size_t       head;
+
+		size_t operator()(const rdtree&, size_t start) {
+			head = start;
+			return start;
+		}
+
+		size_t operator[](const rdtree& tree, size_t node, uint8_t mode) {
+			if (node == npos) {
+				return npos;
+			}
+
+			size_t nxt = tree.next(node);
+			size_t chd = tree.child(node);
+
+			if (nxt != npos && node != head) {
+				visit.push_front(nxt);
+			}
+
+			if (chd != npos && mode != traversal_control_jump_over) {
+				visit.push_front(chd);
+			}
+
+			if (not visit.empty()) {
+				node = visit.front();
+				visit.pop_front();
+			} else {
+				node = npos;
+			}
+
+			return node;
+		}
+	};
+
+	struct in_order {
+		list<size_t> visit;
+		size_t       head;
+
+		size_t operator()(const rdtree& tree, size_t start) {
+			head = start;
+			return tree.left_most(start);
+		}
+
+		size_t operator[](const rdtree& tree, size_t node, uint8_t) {
+			if (node == npos) {
+				return npos;
+			}
+
+			size_t prnt = tree.parent(node);
+			size_t next = tree.next(node);
+			if (node != head) {
+				if (tree.child(prnt) == node) {
+					visit.push_back(prnt);
+					if (next != npos) {
+						visit.push_back(tree.left_most(next));
+					}
+				} else if (next != npos) {
+					visit.push_front(tree.left_most(next));
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (not visit.empty()) {
+				node = visit.front();
+				visit.pop_front();
+			} else {
+				node = npos;
+			}
+
+			return node;
+		}
+	};
+
+	struct post_order {
+		list<size_t> visit;
+		size_t       head;
+
+		size_t operator()(const rdtree& tree, size_t start) {
+			head = start;
+			return tree.left_most(start);
+		}
+
+		size_t operator[](const rdtree& tree, size_t node, uint8_t) {
+			if (node == npos) {
+				return npos;
+			}
+
+			size_t prnt = tree.parent(node);
+			size_t next = tree.next(node);
+
+			if (node != head) {
+				if (next != npos) {
+					visit.push_front(tree.left_most(next));
+				} else {
+					visit.push_front(prnt);
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (not visit.empty()) {
+				node = visit.front();
+				visit.pop_front();
+			} else {
+				node = npos;
+			}
+
+			return node;
+		}
+	};
+
+
+protected:
+	allocation<node, alloc_t> _table;
+	list<size_t>              _freed;
+	size_t                    _size;
+
+	void _expand() {
+		_table.creallocate(_table.capacity() * 2);
+	}
+
+	size_t _next_free() {
+		size_t next = _size;
+		if (not _freed.empty()) {
+			next = _freed.front();
+			_freed.pop_front();
+		}
+		if (_size >= capacity()) {
+			_expand();
+		}
+		++_size;
+		return next;
+	}
+
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	constexpr size_t _insert(size_t p, size_t n, ArgsT&&...args) {
+		if (_size == 0) {
+			fennec::construct(&_table[root], npos, npos, npos, npos, 0, fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+			_size = 1;
+			return root;
+		}
+
+		if (p == npos) {
+			_table[root].value = value_t(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+			_size = _size == 0 ? 1 : _size;
+			return root;
+		}
+
+		size_t idx = _next_free();
+		size_t nxt = child(p, n);
+		size_t prv = n == npos ? npos : prev(n);
+
+		++_table[p].num_children;
+		if ((nxt == child(p) && n != npos) || nxt == npos) {
+			_table[p].child = idx;
+		}
+
+		if (n == npos) {
+			if (nxt != npos) {
+				_table[nxt].next = idx;
+			}
+			fennec::construct(&_table[idx], p, npos, nxt, npos, depth(p) + 1, fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+		} else {
+			if (nxt != npos) {
+				_table[nxt].prev = idx;
+			}
+			if (prv != npos) {
+				_table[prv].next = idx;
+			}
+			fennec::construct(&_table[idx], p, npos, prv, nxt, depth(p) + 1, fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+		}
+		return idx;
+	}
+
+	constexpr void _erase(size_t i) {
+		list<size_t> queue;
+		queue.push_back(child(i));
+		while (not queue.empty()) {
+			size_t n = queue.front(); queue.pop_front();
+			if (n == npos) continue;
+			queue.push_back(next(n));
+			queue.push_back(child(n));
+			fennec::destruct(&_table[n]);
+			_freed.push_back(n);
+			--_size;
+		}
+
+		fennec::destruct(&_table[i]);
+		if (i != root) _freed.push_back(i);
+		--_size;
+	}
+};
+
+}
+
+#endif // FENNEC_CONTAINERS_RDTREE_H

include/fennec/containers/set.h

@@ -16,12 +16,25 @@
 //  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 // =====================================================================================================================
 
+///
+/// \file set.h
+/// \brief A header containing the definition for a set of unique values
+///
+///
+/// \details
+/// \author Medusa Slockbower
+///
+/// \copyright Copyright © 2025 Medusa Slockbower ([GPLv3](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html))
+///
+///
+
 #ifndef FENNEC_CONTAINERS_SET_H
 #define FENNEC_CONTAINERS_SET_H
 
 // https://programming.guide/robin-hood-hashing.html
 
 #include <fennec/containers/optional.h>
+#include <fennec/containers/set.h>
 #include <fennec/lang/compare.h>
 #include <fennec/math/ext/primes.h>
 #include <fennec/memory/allocator.h>
@@ -30,15 +43,36 @@
 namespace fennec
 {
 
-// TODO: Document
-
-template<typename T, class Hash = hash<T>, class Equals = equality<T>, class Alloc = allocator<T>>
+///
+///
+/// \brief wrapper for sets of elements
+/// \details
+/// This data-structure behaves like a set, but does not use pointers, instead storing the table in-array
+///
+/// | Property   | Value      |
+/// |:----------:|:----------:|
+/// | stable     |      ⛔     |
+/// | dynamic    |      ✅     |
+/// | homogenous |      ✅     |
+/// | distinct   |      ✅     |
+/// | ordered    |      ⛔     |
+/// | space      | \f$O(N)\f$ |
+/// | linear     |      ✅     |
+/// | access     | \f$O(1)\f$ |
+/// | find       | \f$O(1)\f$ |
+/// | insertion  | \f$O(1)\f$ |
+/// | deletion   | \f$O(1)\f$ |
+///
+/// \tparam TypeT The type to contain
+template<typename TypeT, class Hash = hash<TypeT>, class Equals = equality<TypeT>, class Alloc = allocator<TypeT>>
 struct set {
+
+// Definitions =========================================================================================================
 public:
-	using alloc_t = typename allocator_traits<Alloc>::template rebind<T>;
+	using alloc_t = typename allocator_traits<Alloc>::template rebind<TypeT>;
 	using hash_t = Hash;
 	using equal_t = Equals;
-	using elem_t = T;
+	using elem_t = TypeT;
 
 	class iterator;
 	static constexpr size_t npos = -1;
@@ -53,160 +87,233 @@ private:
 		constexpr ~node() = default;
 	};
 
+// Constructors ========================================================================================================
 public:
+
+	/// \name Constructors & Destructor
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Default Constructor, initializes empty set
 	constexpr set()
 		: _alloc()
 		, _hash()
 		, _size(0)
+		, _sumpsl(0)
 		, _load(default_load) {
 	};
 
+	///
+	/// \brief Hash Copy Constructor, initializes empty set with a hash
+	/// \param hash the hash object
 	constexpr set(const hash_t& hash)
 		: _alloc()
 		, _hash(hash)
 		, _size(0)
+		, _sumpsl(0)
 		, _load(default_load) {
 	}
 
-	constexpr set(hash_t&& hash) noexcept
-		: _alloc()
-		, _hash(hash)
-		, _size(0)
-		, _load(default_load) {
-	}
-
+	///
+	/// \brief Alloc Copy Constructor, initializes empty set with an allocator
+	/// \param alloc the allocator object
 	constexpr set(const alloc_t& alloc)
 		: _alloc(alloc)
 		, _hash()
 		, _size(0)
+		, _sumpsl(0)
 		, _load(default_load) {
 	}
 
-	constexpr set(alloc_t&& alloc) noexcept
-		: _alloc(alloc)
-		, _hash()
-		, _size(0)
-		, _load(default_load) {
-	}
-
+	///
+	/// \brief Hash Alloc Copy Constructor, initializes empty set with a hash and allocator
+	/// \param hash the hash object
+	/// \param alloc the allocator object
 	constexpr set(const hash_t& hash, const alloc_t& alloc)
 		: _alloc(alloc)
 		, _hash(hash)
 		, _size(0)
+		, _sumpsl(0)
 		, _load(default_load) {
 	}
 
-	constexpr set(const hash_t& hash, alloc_t&& alloc) noexcept
-		: _alloc(alloc)
-		, _hash(hash)
-		, _size(0)
-		, _load(default_load) {
-	}
-
-	constexpr set(hash_t&& hash, alloc_t&& alloc) noexcept
-		: _alloc(alloc)
-		, _hash(hash)
-		, _size(0)
-		, _load(default_load) {
-	}
-
-	constexpr set(hash_t&& hash, const alloc_t& alloc) noexcept
-		: _alloc(alloc)
-		, _hash(hash)
-		, _size(0)
-		, _load(default_load) {
-	}
-
+	///
+	/// \brief Set Copy Constructor
+	/// \param set Set to copy
 	constexpr set(const set& set)
 		: _alloc(set._alloc)
 		, _hash(set._hash)
 		, _size(set._size)
-		, _load(default_load) {
+		, _sumpsl(set._sumpsl)
+		, _load(set._load) {
 	}
 
+	///
+	/// \brief Set Move Constructor
+	/// \param set Set to move
 	constexpr set(set&& set) noexcept
 		: _alloc(fennec::move(set._alloc))
 		, _hash(fennec::move(set._hash))
-		, _size(fennec::move(set._size)) {
+		, _size(fennec::move(set._size))
+		, _sumpsl(set._sumpsl)
+		, _load(set._load) {
 	}
 
-	constexpr ~set() = default;
+	///
+	/// \brief Destructor, destructs all elements and releases the allocation
+	constexpr ~set() {
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < capacity(); ++i) {
+			_alloc[i].value = nullopt;
+		}
+	}
 
+	/// @}
+
+
+// Properties ==========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Properties
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \returns Size of the set in elements
 	constexpr size_t size() const {
 		return _size;
 	}
 
+	///
+	/// \returns `true` when the set is empty, `false` otherwise
+	constexpr bool empty() const {
+		return _size == 0;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \returns Capacity of the set in elements
 	constexpr size_t capacity() const {
-		return _alloc.capacity();
+		return _alloc.size();
 	}
 
-	constexpr void insert(elem_t&& val) {
-		if (_size == 0 or double(_size) / capacity() >= _load) { // expand when full
-			_expand();
-		}
+	/// @}
 
-		elem_t value = fennec::forward<elem_t>(val);
-		size_t i = _hash(value) % capacity(); // Initial search index
-		int psl = 0;
-		while (_alloc[i].value) { // Search for empty cell
-			if (_equal(*_alloc[i].value, val)) { // Check to see if this element is already inserted
-				return;
-			}
-			if (psl >= _alloc[i].psl) { // When psl is higher, swap
-				fennec::swap(*_alloc[i].value, value);
-				fennec::swap(_alloc[i].psl, psl);
-			}
-			i = (i + 1) % capacity(); ++psl;
-		}
-		_alloc[i].value = fennec::move(value);
-		_alloc[i].psl = psl;
-		++_size;
-	}
 
-	constexpr void insert(const elem_t& val) {
-		elem_t value = val; // Copy Constructor invoked here
-		this->insert(fennec::move(value)); // Only invokes moves
-	}
+// Access ==============================================================================================================
 
-	template<typename...ArgsT>
-	constexpr void emplace(ArgsT&&...args) {
-		elem_t value = elem_t(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...); // Constructor invoked here
-		this->insert(fennec::move(value)); // Only invokes moves
-	}
+	/// \name Access
+	/// @{
 
+	///
+	/// \brief Find an Element
+	/// \param val Value to find
+	/// \returns An iterator at the location of the value
 	constexpr iterator find(const elem_t& val) const {
-		size_t i = _hash(val) % capacity(); // Initial search index
-		int psl = 0;
+		if (capacity() == 0) {
+			return end();
+		}
+		size_t s = _hash(val) % capacity();              // Initial search index
+		int    psl = (_size != 0) ? _sumpsl / _size : 0; // Initial psl
+		size_t i = (s + psl) % capacity();               // Median search
+		size_t n = 0;
 
-		// Loop while there is a value and its psl is greater than our probe
-		while (_alloc[i].value && _alloc[i].psl <= psl) {
+		// Check the first element;
+		if (_alloc[i].psl >= psl && _alloc[i].value) {
 			if (_equal(*_alloc[i].value, val)) {
 				return iterator(this, i);
 			}
-			i = (i + 1) % capacity(); ++psl;
+		}
+
+		// Loop while there is a value and its psl is greater than our probe
+		while (true) {
+			++n;
+			size_t i0 = (i + capacity() - n) % capacity(); // Prevent index underflow
+			size_t i1 = (i + n) % capacity();
+			int    p0 = psl - n, p1 = psl + n;
+			bool   c0  = p0 >= 0 && _alloc[i0].psl >= p0, c1 = _alloc[i1].psl >= p1; // Check that we are in range
+
+			if (c0 && _alloc[i0].value) {
+				if (_equal(*_alloc[i0].value, val)) {
+					return iterator(this, i0);
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (c1 && _alloc[i1].value) {
+				if (_equal(*_alloc[i1].value, val)) {
+					return iterator(this, i1);
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (not(c0 or c1)) {
+				break;
+			}
 		}
 
 		return iterator(this, npos);
 	}
 
-	constexpr elem_t* at(const iterator& it) {
-		size_t i = it._i;
-		if (i >= capacity()) return nullptr;
-		if (not _alloc[i].value) return nullptr;
-		return &*_alloc[i].value;
-	}
-
-	constexpr const elem_t* at(const iterator& it) const {
-		size_t i = it._i;
-		if (i >= capacity()) return nullopt;
-		if (not _alloc[i].value) return nullopt;
-		return &*_alloc[i].value;
-	}
-
+	///
+	/// \brief Check if a set contains a value
+	/// \param val Value to check
+	/// \returns `true` if `val` can be found, `false` otherwise
 	constexpr bool contains(const elem_t& val) const {
 		return this->find(val) != end();
 	}
 
+	///
+	/// \brief Iterator Access
+	/// \param it Location to access
+	/// \returns A pointer to the element, `nullptr` if not found.
+	///          The value should not be changed in a manner that will change the hash of the element.
+	constexpr elem_t* at(const iterator& it) {
+		if (it == end()) {
+			return nullptr;
+		}
+		if (not _alloc[it._i].value) {
+			return nullptr;
+		}
+		return &*_alloc[it._i].value;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Iterator Const Access
+	/// \param it Location to access
+	/// \returns A const-qualified pointer to the element, `nullptr` if not found.
+	constexpr const elem_t* at(const iterator& it) const {
+		if (not _alloc[it._i].value) return nullptr;
+		return &*_alloc[it._i].value;
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+// Modifiers ===========================================================================================================
+
+	/// \name Modifiers
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Move Insertion
+	/// \param val Value to insert
+	constexpr iterator insert(elem_t&& val) {
+		return this->_insert(fennec::forward<elem_t>(val));
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Copy Insertion
+	/// \param val Value to insert
+	constexpr iterator insert(const elem_t& val) {
+		return this->_insert(val);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Emplace Insertion
+	/// \tparam ArgsT Argument types
+	/// \param args Arguments to construct with
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	constexpr iterator emplace(ArgsT&&...args) {
+		return this->_insert(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Element Erase
+	/// \param it Location to erase
 	constexpr void erase(iterator it) {
 		size_t i = it._i;
 		if (i >= capacity()) {
@@ -217,25 +324,61 @@ public:
 		}
 
 		_alloc[i].value = nullopt;
+		_sumpsl -= _alloc[i].psl;
 		--_size;
 		size_t p = i;
 		while (_alloc[i = (i + 1) % capacity()].value) {
-			size_t psl = _alloc[i].psl;
-			if (psl == 0) break;
+			if (_alloc[i].psl == 0) break;
 
 			fennec::swap(_alloc[i - 1].value, _alloc[i].value);
-			_alloc[p].psl = psl - 1;
+			--_alloc[p].psl, --_sumpsl;
 			p = i;
 		}
 	}
 
+	///
+	/// \brief Element Erase
+	/// \param val Value to erase
 	constexpr void erase(const elem_t& val) {
 		this->erase(this->find(val));
 	}
 
+	///
+	/// \brief
+	constexpr void clear() {
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < _alloc.capacity(); ++i) {
+
+		}
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
 
 // ITERATOR ============================================================================================================
 
+	/// \name Iteration
+	/// @{
+
+	///
+	/// \returns An iterator for all elements of the set in no particular order
+	constexpr iterator begin() const {
+		iterator it(this, 0);
+		if (not _alloc[it._i].value) {
+			++it;
+		}
+		return it;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \returns An iterator representing the end of the set
+	constexpr iterator end() const {
+		return iterator(this, npos);
+	}
+
+	/// @}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Class for Iterating the Set
 	class iterator {
 	public:
 		constexpr iterator(const set* set, size_t i)
@@ -249,8 +392,8 @@ public:
 
 		// prefix operator
 		constexpr friend iterator& operator++(iterator& rhs) {
-			while (++rhs._i < capacity()) {
-				if (rhs._set->_alloc[rhs._i]) {
+			while (++rhs._i < rhs._set->capacity()) {
+				if (rhs._set->_alloc[rhs._i].value) {
 					return rhs;
 				}
 			}
@@ -268,39 +411,34 @@ public:
 			return *_set->_alloc[_i].value;
 		}
 
-		constexpr bool operator==(const iterator& it) {
+		constexpr const elem_t* operator->() const {
+			if (not _set->_alloc[_i].value) return nullptr;
+			return &*_set->_alloc[_i].value;
+		}
+
+		constexpr bool operator==(const iterator& it) const {
 			return _set == it._set and _i == it._i;
 		}
 
-		constexpr bool operator!=(const iterator& it) {
+		constexpr bool operator!=(const iterator& it) const {
 			return _set != it._set or _i != it._i;
 		}
 
+		constexpr size_t index() const { return _i; }
+
 	private:
 		const set* _set;
 		size_t _i;
 		friend set;
 	};
 
-	constexpr iterator begin() const {
-		iterator it(this, 0);
-		if (not _alloc[it._i].value) {
-			++it;
-		}
-		return it;
-	}
-
-	constexpr iterator end() const {
-		return iterator(this, npos);
-	}
-
 
 // PRIVATE =============================================================================================================
 
 private:
 	constexpr void _expand() {
 		set cpy; // Create a new set
-		cpy._alloc.callocate(
+		cpy._alloc.resize(
 			fennec::next_prime2(_alloc.capacity())
 		);
 
@@ -315,11 +453,38 @@ private:
 		fennec::swap(_alloc, cpy._alloc);
 	}
 
-	allocation<node, alloc_t> _alloc;
-	hash_t _hash;
+	template<typename...ArgsT>
+	constexpr iterator _insert(ArgsT&&...args) {
+		if (_size == 0 or static_cast<float>(_size) / capacity() >= _load) { // expand when full
+			_expand();
+		}
+
+		elem_t value(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+		size_t i = _hash(value) % capacity(); // Initial search index
+		int psl = 0;
+		while (_alloc[i].value) { // Search for empty cell
+			if (_equal(*_alloc[i].value, value)) { // Check to see if this element is already inserted
+				return iterator(this, i);
+			}
+			if (psl > _alloc[i].psl) { // When psl is higher, swap
+				_sumpsl += psl - _alloc[i].psl;
+				fennec::swap(_alloc[i].psl, psl);
+				fennec::swap(*_alloc[i].value, value);
+			}
+			i = (i + 1) % capacity(); ++psl;
+		}
+		_alloc[i].value = fennec::move(value);
+		_sumpsl += (_alloc[i].psl = psl);
+		++_size;
+		return iterator(this, npos);
+	}
+
+	dynarray<node, alloc_t> _alloc;
+	hash_t  _hash;
 	equal_t _equal;
-	size_t _size;
-	double _load;
+	size_t  _size;
+	size_t  _sumpsl;
+	float   _load;
 };
 
 }

include/fennec/containers/traversal.h

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// =====================================================================================================================
+//  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+//  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+//
+//  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+//  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+//  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+//  (at your option) any later version.
+//
+//  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+//  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+//  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+//  GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+//  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+//  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+// =====================================================================================================================
+
+///
+/// \file traversal.h
+/// \brief a header containing constants and utilities related to traversal
+///
+///
+/// \details
+/// \author Medusa Slockbower
+///
+/// \copyright Copyright © 2025 Medusa Slockbower ([GPLv3](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html))
+///
+///
+
+#ifndef FENNEC_CONTAINERS_TRAVERSAL_H
+#define FENNEC_CONTAINERS_TRAVERSAL_H
+
+namespace fennec
+{
+
+///
+/// \brief A set of constants used in the traverser-visitor pattern
+enum traversal_control_ {
+	traversal_control_continue  = 0,
+	traversal_control_break     = 1,
+	traversal_control_jump_over = 2,
+};
+
+}
+
+#endif // FENNEC_CONTAINERS_TRAVERSAL_H

include/fennec/containers/tuple.h

@@ -16,10 +16,22 @@
 //  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 // =====================================================================================================================
 
+///
+/// \file tuple.h
+/// \brief A header containing the definition for a container with multiple values of differing types
+///
+///
+/// \details
+/// \author Medusa Slockbower
+///
+/// \copyright Copyright © 2025 Medusa Slockbower ([GPLv3](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html))
+///
+///
+
 #ifndef FENNEC_CONTAINERS_TUPLE_H
 #define FENNEC_CONTAINERS_TUPLE_H
 
-#include <fennec/containers/detail/__tuple.h>
+#include <fennec/containers/detail/_tuple.h>
 #include <fennec/lang/type_sequences.h>
 
 namespace fennec
@@ -27,38 +39,68 @@ namespace fennec
 
 // TODO: Document
 
+///
+/// \brief Tuple, holds a collection of values of different types
+/// \details
+/// | Property   | Value      |
+/// |:----------:|:----------:|
+/// | stable     |      ⛔     |
+/// | dynamic    |      ✅     |
+/// | homogenous |      ⛔     |
+/// | distinct   |      ⛔     |
+/// | ordered    |      ⛔     |
+/// | space      | \f$O(N)\f$ |
+/// | linear     |      ✅     |
+/// | access     | \f$O(1)\f$ |
+/// | find       | \f$O(1)\f$ |
+/// | insertion  |      ⛔     |
+/// | deletion   |      ⛔     |
+///
+/// \tparam TypesT The types to store
 template<typename...TypesT> struct tuple;
 
 
 template<size_t i, typename...TypesT>
-typename tuple<TypesT...>::template elem_t<i>& get(tuple<TypesT...>& x) {
+constexpr typename tuple<TypesT...>::template elem_t<i>& get(tuple<TypesT...>& x) {
 	using elem_t = typename tuple<TypesT...>::template elem_t<i>;
-	auto it = static_cast<detail::__tuple_leaf<i, elem_t>>(x);
-	return it;
+	auto& it = *static_cast<detail::_tuple_leaf<i, elem_t>*>(&x);
+	return it.value;
 }
 
 template<size_t i, typename...TypesT>
-const typename tuple<TypesT...>::template elem_t<i>& get(tuple<TypesT...>& x) {
+constexpr const typename tuple<TypesT...>::template elem_t<i>& get(const tuple<TypesT...>& x) {
 	using elem_t = typename tuple<TypesT...>::template elem_t<i>;
-	auto& it = static_cast<detail::__tuple_leaf<i, elem_t>>(x);
-	return it;
+	const auto& it = *static_cast<const detail::_tuple_leaf<i, elem_t>*>(&x);
+	return it.value;
 }
 
 
-template<typename...TypesT>
-struct tuple : detail::__tuple<make_index_sequence<sizeof...(TypesT)>, TypesT...> {
-
-public:
-	using base_t = detail::__tuple<make_index_sequence<sizeof...(TypesT)>, TypesT...>;
+template<typename ...TypesT>
+struct tuple : public detail::_tuple<make_index_sequence_t<sizeof...(TypesT)>, TypesT...>
+{
+	using base_t = detail::_tuple<make_index_sequence_t<sizeof...(TypesT)>, TypesT...>;
 
 	template<size_t i>
-	using elem_t = nth_element<i, TypesT...>;
+	using elem_t = typename nth_element<i, TypesT...>::type;
 
 	template<typename...ArgsT>
-	tuple(ArgsT&&...args) : base_t(args...) {
+    tuple(ArgsT&&...args)
+		: base_t(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...) {
+    }
+
+	tuple(const tuple& cpy)
+		: base_t(cpy) {
+	}
+
+	tuple(tuple&& cpy)
+		: base_t(cpy) {
 	}
 };
 
+// This is needed for
+template<typename...TypesT>
+tuple(TypesT...) -> tuple<TypesT...>;
+
 }
 
 #endif // FENNEC_CONTAINERS_TUPLE_H

include/fennec/containers/variant.h

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// =====================================================================================================================
+//  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+//  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+//
+//  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+//  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+//  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+//  (at your option) any later version.
+//
+//  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+//  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+//  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+//  GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+//  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+//  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+// =====================================================================================================================
+
+///
+/// \file variant.h
+/// \brief Contains the definition for a structure that holds a single value from multiple types
+///
+///
+/// \details
+/// \author Medusa Slockbower
+///
+/// \copyright Copyright © 2025 Medusa Slockbower ([GPLv3](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html))
+///
+///
+
+#ifndef FENNEC_CONTAINERS_VARIANT_H
+#define FENNEC_CONTAINERS_VARIANT_H
+
+#endif // FENNEC_CONTAINERS_VARIANT_H

include/fennec/core/engine.h

@@ -29,19 +29,25 @@
 ///
 
 ///
-/// \page documentation Documentation
+/// \page contents Contents
 ///
 /// 1. \ref introduction "Introduction"
 ///    1. \ref coding-standards "Coding Standards"
 /// 2. \ref building-from-source "Building from Source"
 ///    1. \ref building-from-terminal "Building from Terminal"
+///	      1. \ref debian "Debian"
+///	      2. \ref arch "Arch"
+///	      3. \ref fedora "Fedora"
 ///    2. \ref building-on-windows "Building on Windows"
 /// 3. \ref running-the-test-suite "Running the Test Suite"
 /// 4. \ref usage "Usage"
+///    1. \ref licensing "Licensing"
 /// 5. \ref contribution "Contribution"
 /// 6. \subpage libraries
 ///   1. \ref fennec_lang "C++ Language Library"
 ///   2. \ref fennec_math "Math Library"
+///   2. \ref fennec_memory "Memory Management Library"
+///   2. \ref fennec_containers "Containers Library"
 ///
 /// \copyright Copyright © 2025 Medusa Slockbower ([GPLv3](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html))
 ///
@@ -49,10 +55,16 @@
 ///
 /// \page libraries Libraries
 ///
-///  | Library                   | Brief                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
-///  | :------------------------ | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
-///  | \subpage fennec_lang | Implementation for functions and classes related to the C++ Language, including base types, common utility functions, and metaprogramming templates                                                                                   |
-///  | \subpage fennec_math | Implementation of math functions according to the [OpenGL 4.6 Shading Language Specification](https://registry.khronos.org/OpenGL/specs/gl/GLSLangSpec.4.60.pdf). Additional extensions are provided for other common math functions. |
+///  | Library                    | Brief                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
+///  |:---------------------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+///  | \subpage fennec_lang       | Implementation for functions and classes related to the C++ Language, including base types, common utility functions, and metaprogramming templates                                                                                   |
+///  | \subpage fennec_math       | Implementation of math functions according to the [OpenGL 4.6 Shading Language Specification](https://registry.khronos.org/OpenGL/specs/gl/GLSLangSpec.4.60.pdf). Additional extensions are provided for other common math functions. |
+///  | \subpage fennec_memory     | Implementation of functions related to memory management.                                                                                                                                                                             |
+///  | \subpage fennec_containers | Implementation of common data structures, those that are specified in the C++ STD Library, and custom data structures that fennec uses.                                                                                               |
+///
+///
+/// \copyright Copyright © 2025 Medusa Slockbower ([GPLv3](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html))
+///
 
 #ifndef FENNEC_CORE_ENGINE_H
 #define FENNEC_CORE_ENGINE_H

include/fennec/core/event.h

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// =====================================================================================================================
+//  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+//  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+//
+//  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+//  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+//  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+//  (at your option) any later version.
+//
+//  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+//  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+//  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+//  GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+//  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+//  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+// =====================================================================================================================
+
+#ifndef FENNEC_CORE_EVENT_H
+#define FENNEC_CORE_EVENT_H
+
+#include <fennec/lang/types.h>
+#include <fennec/lang/typeuuid.h>
+
+namespace fennec
+{
+
+struct event;
+
+class event_listener {
+public:
+	virtual ~event_listener() = default;
+	virtual void handle_event(event* event) = 0;
+};
+
+struct event {
+	const uint64_t type;
+
+	event() = delete;
+
+	template<typename EventT>
+	event() : type(typeuuid<EventT>()) { }
+
+	template<typename EventT>
+	static void add_listener(event_listener* listener) {
+		event::add_listener(listener, typeuuid<EventT, event>());
+	}
+
+	template<typename EventT>
+	static void dispatch(EventT* event) {
+		dispatch(event);
+	}
+
+	static void add_listener(event_listener* listener, uint64_t type);
+	static void remove_listener(event_listener* listener);
+	static void dispatch(event* event);
+};
+
+}
+
+#endif // FENNEC_CORE_EVENT_H

include/fennec/core/system.h

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// =====================================================================================================================
+//  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+//  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+//
+//  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+//  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+//  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+//  (at your option) any later version.
+//
+//  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+//  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+//  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+//  GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+//  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+//  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+// =====================================================================================================================
+
+#ifndef FENNEC_CORE_SYSTEM_H
+#define FENNEC_CORE_SYSTEM_H
+#include <fennec/langproc/strings/string.h>
+
+namespace fennec
+{
+
+class system {
+public:
+	using tick_f  = void (*)(system*, double);
+	using frame_f = void (*)(system*, size_t);
+
+	const string  name;
+	const tick_f  tick;
+	const frame_f frame;
+
+	system(const cstring& name, tick_f tick, frame_f frame)
+		: name(name), tick(tick), frame(frame) {
+	}
+
+	virtual ~system() = default;
+
+	virtual void init()     = 0;
+	virtual void shutdown() = 0;
+};
+
+}
+
+#endif // FENNEC_CORE_SYSTEM_H

include/fennec/lang/assert.h

@@ -64,27 +64,27 @@
 ///
 ///
 
-#if _MSC_VER
+#if FENNEC_COMPILER_MSVC
 #define __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ __FUNCSIG__
 #endif
 
 using assert_handler = void (*)(const char *, const char *, int , const char *);
 
-void __assert_impl(const char* expression, const char* file, int line, const char* function, const char* desc, bool halt);
+void _assert_impl(const char* expression, const char* file, int line, const char* function, const char* desc, bool halt);
 
 // flagged unlikely to optimize branch prediction
 #define assert(expression, description) \
 	if(not(expression)) [[unlikely]] { \
-		__assert_impl(#expression, __FILE__, __LINE__, __PRETTY_FUNCTION__, description, not FENNEC_RELEASE); \
+		_assert_impl(#expression, __FILE__, __LINE__, __PRETTY_FUNCTION__, description, not FENNEC_RELEASE); \
 	}
 
 #define assertf(expression, description) \
 	if(not(expression)) [[unlikely]] { \
-		__assert_impl(#expression, __FILE__, __LINE__, __PRETTY_FUNCTION__, description, true); \
+		_assert_impl(#expression, __FILE__, __LINE__, __PRETTY_FUNCTION__, description, true); \
 	}
 
 #if FENNEC_RELEASE
-#define assertd(expression, description) (0)
+#define assertd(expression, description)
 #else
 #define assertd(expression, description) assert(expression, description)
 #endif

include/fennec/lang/bits.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // =====================================================================================================================
 //  fennec, a free and open source game engine
-//  Copyright (C) 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+//  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
 //
 //  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 //  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
 
 #include <fennec/lang/intrinsics.h>
 #include <fennec/memory/common.h>
-#include <fennec/lang/detail/__bits.h>
+#include <fennec/lang/detail/_bits.h>
 
 namespace fennec
 {
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ constexpr void* bit_and(void* arr, const void* mask, size_t n) {
 	const uint8_t* s = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(mask);
 
 	while (n > 0) {
-		const size_t step = detail::__bit_and(d, s, n);
+		const size_t step = detail::_bit_and(d, s, n);
 		d += step; s += step; n -= step;
 	}
 
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ constexpr void* bit_or(void* arr, const void* mask, size_t n) {
 	const uint8_t* s = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(mask);
 	while (n > 0)
 	{
-		const size_t step = detail::__bit_or(d, s, n);
+		const size_t step = detail::_bit_or(d, s, n);
 		d += step; s += step; n -= step;
 	}
 
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ constexpr void* bit_xor(void* arr, const void* mask, size_t n) {
 	uint8_t*       d = static_cast<uint8_t*>(arr);
 	const uint8_t* s = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(mask);
 	while (n > 0) {
-		const size_t step = detail::__bit_xor(d, s, n);
+		const size_t step = detail::_bit_xor(d, s, n);
 		d += step; s += step; n -= step;
 	}
 

include/fennec/lang/const_sequences.h

@@ -91,13 +91,13 @@ namespace fennec
 ///          \endcode
 /// \tparam ValueT type of the values
 /// \tparam Values sequence values
-template<typename ValueT, ValueT...Values> struct sequence
+template<typename ValueT, ValueT...Values> struct const_sequence
 {
 	/// \brief type of the sequence
 	using value_type = ValueT;
 
 	/// \brief self-referential type
-	using type = sequence;
+	using type = const_sequence;
 
 	///
 	/// \brief returns the number of elements
@@ -119,13 +119,13 @@ template<typename ValueT, ValueT...Values> struct sequence
 /// \tparam IntT type of the values, must satisfy ```fennec::is_integral<T>```
 /// \tparam Values sequence values
 template<typename IntT, IntT...Values> requires(is_integral_v<IntT>)
-struct integer_sequence : sequence<IntT, Values...>
+struct const_integer_sequence : const_sequence<IntT, Values...>
 {
 	/// \brief type of the sequence
 	using value_type = IntT;
 
 	/// \brief self-referential type
-	using type = integer_sequence;
+	using type = const_integer_sequence;
 
 	///
 	/// \brief returns the number of elements
@@ -158,13 +158,13 @@ template<typename IntT, size_t N> using  make_integer_sequence_t = typename make
 ///
 /// \details A `fennec::integer_sequence` specialized for sequences of `size_t` indices.
 /// \tparam Indices sequence values
-template<size_t...Indices> struct index_sequence : integer_sequence<size_t, Indices...>
+template<size_t...Indices> struct const_index_sequence : const_integer_sequence<size_t, Indices...>
 {
 	/// \brief type of the sequence
 	using value_type = size_t;
 
 	/// \brief self-referential type
-	using type = index_sequence;
+	using type = const_index_sequence;
 
 	///
 	/// \brief returns the number of elements
@@ -213,31 +213,31 @@ template<typename SequenceT0, typename SequenceT1> using concat_sequence_t
 template<typename T, size_t N> struct make_integer_sequence : concat_sequence_t<make_integer_sequence_t<T, N / 2>, make_integer_sequence_t<T, N - N / 2>>{};
 
 // Base Case of N=0
-template<typename T> struct make_integer_sequence<T, 0> : integer_sequence<T> {};
+template<typename T> struct make_integer_sequence<T, 0> : const_integer_sequence<T> {};
 
 // Base Case of N=1
-template<typename T> struct make_integer_sequence<T, 1> : integer_sequence<T, 0>{};
+template<typename T> struct make_integer_sequence<T, 1> : const_integer_sequence<T, 0>{};
 
 
 // Implementation for Generating an index_sequence
 template<size_t N> struct make_index_sequence : concat_sequence_t<make_index_sequence_t<N / 2>, make_index_sequence_t<N - N / 2>>{};
 
 // Base Case of N=0
-template<> struct make_index_sequence<0> : index_sequence<> {};
+template<> struct make_index_sequence<0> : const_index_sequence<> {};
 
 // Base Case of N=1
-template<> struct make_index_sequence<1> : index_sequence<0>{};
+template<> struct make_index_sequence<1> : const_index_sequence<0>{};
 
 
 // Specialization for integer sequences
 template<typename T, T...SequenceV0, T...SequenceV1>
-struct concat_sequence<integer_sequence<T, SequenceV0...>, integer_sequence<T, SequenceV1...>>
-	: integer_sequence<T, SequenceV0..., (sizeof...(SequenceV0) + SequenceV1)...>{};
+struct concat_sequence<const_integer_sequence<T, SequenceV0...>, const_integer_sequence<T, SequenceV1...>>
+	: const_integer_sequence<T, SequenceV0..., (sizeof...(SequenceV0) + SequenceV1)...>{};
 
 // Specialization for index sequences
 template<size_t...SequenceV0, size_t...SequenceV1>
-struct concat_sequence<index_sequence<SequenceV0...>, index_sequence<SequenceV1...>>
-	: index_sequence<SequenceV0..., (sizeof...(SequenceV0) + SequenceV1)...>{};
+struct concat_sequence<const_index_sequence<SequenceV0...>, const_index_sequence<SequenceV1...>>
+	: const_index_sequence<SequenceV0..., (sizeof...(SequenceV0) + SequenceV1)...>{};
 
 
 

include/fennec/lang/constants.h

@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@
 #ifndef FENNEC_LANG_CONSTANTS_H
 #define FENNEC_LANG_CONSTANTS_H
 
+#include <fennec/lang/types.h>
+
 ///
 ///
 /// \page fennec_lang_constants Constants
@@ -61,8 +63,6 @@
 /// </table>
 ///
 
-#include <fennec/lang/types.h>
-
 namespace fennec
 {
 

include/fennec/lang/detail/__numeric_transforms.h

@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-// =====================================================================================================================
-//  fennec, a free and open source game engine
-//  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
-//
-//  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-//  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-//  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-//  (at your option) any later version.
-//
-//  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-//  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-//  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-//  GNU General Public License for more details.
-//
-//  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-//  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-// =====================================================================================================================
-
-#ifndef FENNEC_LANG_DETAIL_NUMERIC_TRANSFORMS_H
-#define FENNEC_LANG_DETAIL_NUMERIC_TRANSFORMS_H
-
-#include <fennec/lang/types.h>
-#include <fennec/lang/type_transforms.h>
-
-namespace fennec::detail
-{
-
-	template<typename> struct __make_unsigned : type_identity<undefined_t> {};
-
-	template<> struct __make_unsigned<char_t>   : type_identity<uchar_t> {};
-	template<> struct __make_unsigned<uchar_t>  : type_identity<uchar_t> {};
-	template<> struct __make_unsigned<schar_t>  : type_identity<uchar_t> {};
-	template<> struct __make_unsigned<short_t>  : type_identity<ushort_t> {};
-	template<> struct __make_unsigned<ushort_t> : type_identity<ushort_t> {};
-	template<> struct __make_unsigned<uint_t>   : type_identity<uint_t> {};
-	template<> struct __make_unsigned<int_t>    : type_identity<uint_t> {};
-	template<> struct __make_unsigned<long_t>   : type_identity<ulong_t> {};
-	template<> struct __make_unsigned<ulong_t>  : type_identity<ulong_t> {};
-	template<> struct __make_unsigned<llong_t>  : type_identity<ullong_t> {};
-	template<> struct __make_unsigned<ullong_t> : type_identity<ullong_t> {};
-
-
-	template<typename> struct __make_signed : type_identity<undefined_t> {};
-
-	template<> struct __make_signed<char_t>   : type_identity<schar_t> {};
-	template<> struct __make_signed<uchar_t>  : type_identity<schar_t> {};
-	template<> struct __make_signed<schar_t>  : type_identity<schar_t> {};
-	template<> struct __make_signed<short_t>  : type_identity<short_t> {};
-	template<> struct __make_signed<ushort_t> : type_identity<short_t> {};
-	template<> struct __make_signed<uint_t>   : type_identity<int_t> {};
-	template<> struct __make_signed<int_t>    : type_identity<int_t> {};
-	template<> struct __make_signed<long_t>   : type_identity<long_t> {};
-	template<> struct __make_signed<ulong_t>  : type_identity<long_t> {};
-	template<> struct __make_signed<llong_t>  : type_identity<llong_t> {};
-	template<> struct __make_signed<ullong_t> : type_identity<llong_t> {};
-
-}
-
-#endif // FENNEC_LANG_DETAIL_NUMERIC_TRANSFORMS_H

include/fennec/lang/detail/__type_traits.h

@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-// =====================================================================================================================
-//  fennec, a free and open source game engine
-//  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
-//
-//  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-//  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-//  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
-//  (at your option) any later version.
-//
-//  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-//  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-//  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-//  GNU General Public License for more details.
-//
-//  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-//  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-// =====================================================================================================================
-
-#ifndef FENNEC_LANG_DETAIL_TYPE_TRAITS_H
-#define FENNEC_LANG_DETAIL_TYPE_TRAITS_H
-
-#include <fennec/lang/constants.h>
-#include <fennec/lang/float.h>
-
-namespace fennec::detail
-{
-
-	// Nothing interesting to note here
-	template<typename> struct __is_void       : false_type {};
-	template<>         struct __is_void<void> : true_type {};
-
-	template<typename> struct __is_bool         : false_type {};
-	template<>         struct __is_bool<bool_t> : true_type {};
-
-	template<typename> struct __is_null_pointer            : false_type {};
-	template<>         struct __is_null_pointer<nullptr_t> : true_type {};
-
-	// Provides definitions for all builtin int types
-	template<typename> struct __is_integral           : false_type {};
-	template<>         struct __is_integral<bool_t>   : true_type {};
-	template<>         struct __is_integral<char_t>   : true_type {};
-	template<>         struct __is_integral<char8_t>  : true_type {};
-	template<>         struct __is_integral<char16_t> : true_type {};
-	template<>         struct __is_integral<char32_t> : true_type {};
-	template<>         struct __is_integral<schar_t>  : true_type {};
-	template<>         struct __is_integral<uchar_t>  : true_type {};
-	template<>         struct __is_integral<wchar_t>  : true_type {};
-	template<>         struct __is_integral<short_t>  : true_type {};
-	template<>         struct __is_integral<ushort_t> : true_type {};
-	template<>         struct __is_integral<int_t>    : true_type {};
-	template<>         struct __is_integral<uint_t>   : true_type {};
-	template<>         struct __is_integral<long_t>   : true_type {};
-	template<>         struct __is_integral<ulong_t>  : true_type {};
-	template<>         struct __is_integral<llong_t>  : true_type {};
-	template<>         struct __is_integral<ullong_t> : true_type {};
-
-	// Most unsigned types will underflow `-1` to the types maximum value
-	template<typename TypeT> struct __is_signed   : bool_constant<TypeT(-1) < TypeT(0)> {};
-	template<typename TypeT> struct __is_unsigned : bool_constant<TypeT(-1) >= TypeT(0)> {};
-
-	template<typename> struct __is_floating_point           : false_type {};
-	template<>         struct __is_floating_point<float_t>  : true_type {};
-	template<>         struct __is_floating_point<double_t> : true_type {};
-
-	template<typename>   struct __is_pointer : false_type {};
-	template<typename T> struct __is_pointer<T*> : true_type {};
-
-	template<typename T, typename U = T&&> U __declval(int);
-	template<typename T>                   T __declval(long);
-
-	template<typename T> struct __declval_protector : bool_constant<false> {};
-
-}
-
-#endif // FENNEC_LANG_DETAIL_TYPE_TRAITS_H

include/fennec/lang/detail/_bits.h

@@ -25,112 +25,112 @@ namespace fennec::detail
 {
 
 	// helper for bitwise and for 1 byte
-	constexpr size_t __bit_and_8(void* dst, const void* src) {
+	constexpr size_t _bit_and_8(void* dst, const void* src) {
 		*static_cast<uint8_t*>(dst) = *static_cast<uint8_t*>(dst) & *static_cast<const uint8_t*>(src); return 1;
 	}
 
 	// helper for bitwise and 2 bytes at once
-	constexpr size_t __bit_and_16(void* dst, const void* src) {
+	constexpr size_t _bit_and_16(void* dst, const void* src) {
 		*static_cast<uint16_t*>(dst) = *static_cast<uint16_t*>(dst) & *static_cast<const uint16_t*>(src); return 2;
 	}
 
 	// helper for bitwise and 4 bytes at once
-	constexpr size_t __bit_and_32(void* dst, const void* src) {
+	constexpr size_t _bit_and_32(void* dst, const void* src) {
 		*static_cast<uint32_t*>(dst) = *static_cast<uint32_t*>(dst) & *static_cast<const uint32_t*>(src); return 4;
 	}
 
 	// helper for bitwise and 8 bytes at once
-	constexpr size_t __bit_and_64(void* dst, const void* src) {
+	constexpr size_t _bit_and_64(void* dst, const void* src) {
 		*static_cast<uint64_t*>(dst) = *static_cast<uint64_t*>(dst) & *static_cast<const uint64_t*>(src); return 8;
 	}
 
 	// helper for selecting size
-	constexpr size_t __bit_and(void* dst, const void* src, size_t n) {
+	constexpr size_t _bit_and(void* dst, const void* src, size_t n) {
 		switch (n) {
 			case 0:
 				return 0;
 			case 1:
-				return __bit_and_8(dst, src);
+				return _bit_and_8(dst, src);
 			case 2: case 3:
-				return __bit_and_16(dst, src);
+				return _bit_and_16(dst, src);
 			case 4: case 5: case 6: case 7:
-				return __bit_and_32(dst, src);
+				return _bit_and_32(dst, src);
 			default:
-				return __bit_and_64(dst, src);
+				return _bit_and_64(dst, src);
 		}
 	}
 
 
 	// helper for bitwise or for 1 byte
-	constexpr size_t __bit_or_8(void* dst, const void* src) {
+	constexpr size_t _bit_or_8(void* dst, const void* src) {
 		*static_cast<uint8_t*>(dst) = *static_cast<uint8_t*>(dst) | *static_cast<const uint8_t*>(src); return 1;
 	}
 
 	// helper for bitwise or 2 bytes at once
-	constexpr size_t __bit_or_16(void* dst, const void* src) {
+	constexpr size_t _bit_or_16(void* dst, const void* src) {
 		*static_cast<uint16_t*>(dst) = *static_cast<uint16_t*>(dst) | *static_cast<const uint16_t*>(src); return 2;
 	}
 
 	// helper for bitwise or 4 bytes at once
-	constexpr size_t __bit_or_32(void* dst, const void* src) {
+	constexpr size_t _bit_or_32(void* dst, const void* src) {
 		*static_cast<uint32_t*>(dst) = *static_cast<uint32_t*>(dst) | *static_cast<const uint32_t*>(src); return 4;
 	}
 
 	// helper for bitwise or 8 bytes at once
-	constexpr size_t __bit_or_64(void* dst, const void* src) {
+	constexpr size_t _bit_or_64(void* dst, const void* src) {
 		*static_cast<uint64_t*>(dst) = *static_cast<uint64_t*>(dst) | *static_cast<const uint64_t*>(src); return 8;
 	}
 
 	// helper for selecting size
-	constexpr size_t __bit_or(void* dst, const void* src, size_t n) {
+	constexpr size_t _bit_or(void* dst, const void* src, size_t n) {
 		switch (n) {
 			case 0:
 				return 0;
 			case 1:
-				return __bit_or_8(dst, src);
+				return _bit_or_8(dst, src);
 			case 2: case 3:
-				return __bit_or_16(dst, src);
+				return _bit_or_16(dst, src);
 			case 4: case 5: case 6: case 7:
-				return __bit_or_32(dst, src);
+				return _bit_or_32(dst, src);
 			default:
-				return __bit_or_64(dst, src);
+				return _bit_or_64(dst, src);
 		}
 	}
 
 
 	// helper for bitwise and 1 byte
-	constexpr size_t __bit_xor_8(void* dst, const void* src) {
+	constexpr size_t _bit_xor_8(void* dst, const void* src) {
 		*static_cast<uint8_t*>(dst) = *static_cast<uint8_t*>(dst) ^ *static_cast<const uint8_t*>(src); return 1;
 	}
 
 	// helper for bitwise xor 2 bytes at once
-	constexpr size_t __bit_xor_16(void* dst, const void* src) {
+	constexpr size_t _bit_xor_16(void* dst, const void* src) {
 		*static_cast<uint16_t*>(dst) = *static_cast<uint16_t*>(dst) ^ *static_cast<const uint16_t*>(src); return 2;
 	}
 
 	// helper for bitwise xor 4 bytes at once
-	constexpr size_t __bit_xor_32(void* dst, const void* src) {
+	constexpr size_t _bit_xor_32(void* dst, const void* src) {
 		*static_cast<uint32_t*>(dst) = *static_cast<uint32_t*>(dst) ^ *static_cast<const uint32_t*>(src); return 4;
 	}
 
 	// helper for bitwise xor 8 bytes at once
-	constexpr size_t __bit_xor_64(void* dst, const void* src) {
+	constexpr size_t _bit_xor_64(void* dst, const void* src) {
 		*static_cast<uint64_t*>(dst) = *static_cast<uint64_t*>(dst) ^ *static_cast<const uint64_t*>(src); return 8;
 	}
 
 	// helper for selecting size
-	constexpr size_t __bit_xor(void* dst, const void* src, size_t n) {
+	constexpr size_t _bit_xor(void* dst, const void* src, size_t n) {
 		switch (n) {
 			case 0:
 				return 0;
 			case 1:
-				return __bit_xor_8(dst, src);
+				return _bit_xor_8(dst, src);
 			case 2: case 3:
-				return __bit_xor_16(dst, src);
+				return _bit_xor_16(dst, src);
 			case 4: case 5: case 6: case 7:
-				return __bit_xor_32(dst, src);
+				return _bit_xor_32(dst, src);
 			default:
-				return __bit_xor_64(dst, src);
+				return _bit_xor_64(dst, src);
 		}
 	}
 

include/fennec/lang/detail/_int.h

@@ -19,13 +19,15 @@
 #ifndef FENNEC_LANG_DETAIL_INT_H
 #define FENNEC_LANG_DETAIL_INT_H
 
-#if _MSC_VER
+#if FENNEC_COMPILER_MSVC
 #pragma warning(push)
 #pragma warning(disable:4117)
 
 #define __PTRDIFF_TYPE__ ptrdiff_t
 #endif
 
+// Include math since stdint will define its own versions of isinf and isnan
+#include <math.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 

include/fennec/lang/detail/_numeric_transforms.h

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// =====================================================================================================================
+//  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+//  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+//
+//  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+//  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+//  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+//  (at your option) any later version.
+//
+//  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+//  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+//  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+//  GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+//  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+//  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+// =====================================================================================================================
+
+#ifndef FENNEC_LANG_DETAIL_NUMERIC_TRANSFORMS_H
+#define FENNEC_LANG_DETAIL_NUMERIC_TRANSFORMS_H
+
+#include <fennec/lang/types.h>
+#include <fennec/lang/type_transforms.h>
+
+namespace fennec::detail
+{
+
+	template<typename> struct _make_unsigned : type_identity<undefined_t> {};
+
+	template<> struct _make_unsigned<char_t>   : type_identity<uchar_t> {};
+	template<> struct _make_unsigned<uchar_t>  : type_identity<uchar_t> {};
+	template<> struct _make_unsigned<schar_t>  : type_identity<uchar_t> {};
+	template<> struct _make_unsigned<short_t>  : type_identity<ushort_t> {};
+	template<> struct _make_unsigned<ushort_t> : type_identity<ushort_t> {};
+	template<> struct _make_unsigned<uint_t>   : type_identity<uint_t> {};
+	template<> struct _make_unsigned<int_t>    : type_identity<uint_t> {};
+	template<> struct _make_unsigned<long_t>   : type_identity<ulong_t> {};
+	template<> struct _make_unsigned<ulong_t>  : type_identity<ulong_t> {};
+	template<> struct _make_unsigned<llong_t>  : type_identity<ullong_t> {};
+	template<> struct _make_unsigned<ullong_t> : type_identity<ullong_t> {};
+
+
+	template<typename> struct _make_signed : type_identity<undefined_t> {};
+
+	template<> struct _make_signed<char_t>   : type_identity<schar_t> {};
+	template<> struct _make_signed<uchar_t>  : type_identity<schar_t> {};
+	template<> struct _make_signed<schar_t>  : type_identity<schar_t> {};
+	template<> struct _make_signed<short_t>  : type_identity<short_t> {};
+	template<> struct _make_signed<ushort_t> : type_identity<short_t> {};
+	template<> struct _make_signed<uint_t>   : type_identity<int_t> {};
+	template<> struct _make_signed<int_t>    : type_identity<int_t> {};
+	template<> struct _make_signed<long_t>   : type_identity<long_t> {};
+	template<> struct _make_signed<ulong_t>  : type_identity<long_t> {};
+	template<> struct _make_signed<llong_t>  : type_identity<llong_t> {};
+	template<> struct _make_signed<ullong_t> : type_identity<llong_t> {};
+
+}
+
+#endif // FENNEC_LANG_DETAIL_NUMERIC_TRANSFORMS_H

include/fennec/lang/detail/_type_sequences.h

@@ -24,16 +24,16 @@
 namespace fennec::detail
 {
 
-	template<typename FirstT, typename... RestT> struct __first_element : type_identity<FirstT> {};
+	template<typename FirstT, typename... RestT> struct _first_element : type_identity<FirstT> {};
 
-	template<size_t n, size_t i, typename...TypesT> struct __nth_element;
+	template<size_t n, size_t i, typename...TypesT> struct _nth_element;
 
-	template<size_t n, size_t i> struct __nth_element<n, i> : type_identity<void> {};
+	template<size_t n, size_t i> struct _nth_element<n, i> : type_identity<void> {};
 
 	template<size_t n, size_t i, typename HeadT, typename...RestT>
-	struct __nth_element<n, i, HeadT, RestT...> : conditional<
-		n == i, type_identity<HeadT>,
-		__nth_element<n, i + 1, RestT...>
+	struct _nth_element<n, i, HeadT, RestT...> : conditional<
+		n == i, HeadT,
+		typename _nth_element<n, i + 1, RestT...>::type
 	> {};
 }
 

include/fennec/lang/detail/_type_traits.h

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// =====================================================================================================================
+//  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+//  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+//
+//  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+//  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+//  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+//  (at your option) any later version.
+//
+//  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+//  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+//  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+//  GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+//  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+//  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+// =====================================================================================================================
+
+#ifndef FENNEC_LANG_DETAIL_TYPE_TRAITS_H
+#define FENNEC_LANG_DETAIL_TYPE_TRAITS_H
+
+#include <fennec/lang/constants.h>
+#include <fennec/lang/float.h>
+
+namespace fennec::detail
+{
+
+	// Nothing interesting to note here
+	template<typename> struct _is_void       : false_type {};
+	template<>         struct _is_void<void> : true_type {};
+
+	template<typename> struct _is_bool         : false_type {};
+	template<>         struct _is_bool<bool_t> : true_type {};
+
+	template<typename> struct _is_null_pointer            : false_type {};
+	template<>         struct _is_null_pointer<nullptr_t> : true_type {};
+
+	// Provides definitions for all builtin int types
+	template<typename> struct _is_integral           : false_type {};
+	template<>         struct _is_integral<bool_t>   : true_type {};
+	template<>         struct _is_integral<char_t>   : true_type {};
+	template<>         struct _is_integral<char8_t>  : true_type {};
+	template<>         struct _is_integral<char16_t> : true_type {};
+	template<>         struct _is_integral<char32_t> : true_type {};
+	template<>         struct _is_integral<schar_t>  : true_type {};
+	template<>         struct _is_integral<uchar_t>  : true_type {};
+	template<>         struct _is_integral<wchar_t>  : true_type {};
+	template<>         struct _is_integral<short_t>  : true_type {};
+	template<>         struct _is_integral<ushort_t> : true_type {};
+	template<>         struct _is_integral<int_t>    : true_type {};
+	template<>         struct _is_integral<uint_t>   : true_type {};
+	template<>         struct _is_integral<long_t>   : true_type {};
+	template<>         struct _is_integral<ulong_t>  : true_type {};
+	template<>         struct _is_integral<llong_t>  : true_type {};
+	template<>         struct _is_integral<ullong_t> : true_type {};
+
+	// Most unsigned types will underflow `-1` to the types maximum value
+	template<typename TypeT> struct _is_signed   : bool_constant<TypeT(-1) < TypeT(0)> {};
+	template<typename TypeT> struct _is_unsigned : bool_constant<TypeT(-1) >= TypeT(0)> {};
+
+	template<typename> struct _is_floating_point           : false_type {};
+	template<>         struct _is_floating_point<float_t>  : true_type {};
+	template<>         struct _is_floating_point<double_t> : true_type {};
+
+	template<typename>   struct _is_pointer : false_type {};
+	template<typename T> struct _is_pointer<T*> : true_type {};
+
+	template<typename T, typename U = T&&> U _declval(int);
+	template<typename T>                   T _declval(long);
+
+	template<typename T> struct _declval_protector : bool_constant<false> {};
+
+}
+
+#endif // FENNEC_LANG_DETAIL_TYPE_TRAITS_H

include/fennec/lang/detail/_type_transforms.h

@@ -25,23 +25,23 @@ namespace fennec::detail
 {
 
 	template<typename _Tp, typename = void>
-	struct __add_lvalue_reference {
+	struct _add_lvalue_reference {
 		using type = _Tp;
 	};
 
 	template<typename _Tp>
-	struct __add_lvalue_reference<_Tp, void_t<_Tp&>> {
+	struct _add_lvalue_reference<_Tp, void_t<_Tp&>> {
 		using type = _Tp&;
 	};
 
 
 	template<typename _Tp, typename = void>
-	struct __add_rvalue_reference {
+	struct _add_rvalue_reference {
 		using type = _Tp;
 	};
 
 	template<typename _Tp>
-	struct __add_rvalue_reference<_Tp, void_t<_Tp&&>> {
+	struct _add_rvalue_reference<_Tp, void_t<_Tp&&>> {
 		using type = _Tp&&;
 	};
 

include/fennec/lang/detail/_typeuuid.h

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// =====================================================================================================================
+//  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+//  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+//
+//  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+//  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+//  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+//  (at your option) any later version.
+//
+//  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+//  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+//  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+//  GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+//  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+//  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+// =====================================================================================================================
+
+#ifndef FENNEC_LANG_DETAIL_TYPEUUID_H
+#define FENNEC_LANG_DETAIL_TYPEUUID_H
+
+#include <fennec/lang/types.h>
+
+namespace fennec::detail
+{
+
+template<typename RootT>
+FENNEC_NO_INLINE uint64_t _typeuuid() {
+	static uint64_t i = 0;
+	return ++i;
+}
+
+}
+
+#endif // FENNEC_LANG_DETAIL_TYPEUUID_H

include/fennec/lang/hashing.h

@@ -54,8 +54,10 @@ struct hash<IntT> : hash<uint64_t> {
 
 // Wrapper for pointers
 template<typename PtrT>
-	requires is_pointer_v<PtrT>
-struct hash<PtrT> : hash<uintptr_t> {
+struct hash<PtrT*> : hash<uintptr_t> {
+	constexpr size_t operator()(PtrT* ptr) const {
+		return hash<uintptr_t>::operator()((uintptr_t)(const void*)ptr);
+	}
 };
 
 // Float

include/fennec/lang/intrinsics.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // =====================================================================================================================
 //  fennec, a free and open source game engine
-//  Copyright (C) 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+//  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
 //
 //  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 //  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@
 
 // TODO: More compiler support
 
-#if _MSC_VER
+#if FENNEC_COMPILER_MSVC
 
 # define FENNEC_HAS_BUILTIN_ADDRESS_OF 1
 # define FENNEC_BUILTIN_ADDRESS_OF(arg) __builtin_addressof(arg)

include/fennec/lang/limits.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // =====================================================================================================================
 //  fennec, a free and open source game engine
-//  Copyright (C) 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+//  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
 //
 //  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 //  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by

include/fennec/lang/numeric_transforms.h

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
 /// </table>
 
 #include <fennec/lang/type_transforms.h>
-#include <fennec/lang/detail/__numeric_transforms.h>
+#include <fennec/lang/detail/_numeric_transforms.h>
 
 namespace fennec
 {
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ namespace fennec
 ///
 /// \brief Get the corresponding signed integral type of TypeT
 /// \tparam TypeT the integral type to transform
-template<typename TypeT> struct make_signed   : detail::__make_signed<remove_cv_t<TypeT>> {};
+template<typename TypeT> struct make_signed   : detail::_make_signed<remove_cv_t<TypeT>> {};
 
 ///
 /// \brief Shorthand for `typename make_signed<TypeT>::type`
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ template<typename TypeT> using make_signed_t = typename make_signed<TypeT>::type
 ///
 /// \brief Get the corresponding unsigned integral type of TypeT
 /// \tparam TypeT the integral type to transform
-template<typename TypeT> struct make_unsigned : detail::__make_unsigned<remove_cv_t<TypeT>> {};
+template<typename TypeT> struct make_unsigned : detail::_make_unsigned<remove_cv_t<TypeT>> {};
 
 ///
 /// \brief Shorthand for `typename make_unsigned<TypeT>::type`

include/fennec/lang/startup.h

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// =====================================================================================================================
+//  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+//  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+//
+//  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+//  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+//  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+//  (at your option) any later version.
+//
+//  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+//  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+//  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+//  GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+//  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+//  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+// =====================================================================================================================
+
+#ifndef FENNEC_LANG_STARTUP_H
+#define FENNEC_LANG_STARTUP_H
+
+// Helper for running a function before main()
+#define STATIC_CONSTRUCTOR(f) \
+	inline static void f(void); \
+	struct f##_t_ { inline f##_t_(void) { f(); } }; inline static f##_t_ f##_; \
+	inline static void f(void)
+
+#endif // FENNEC_LANG_STARTUP_H

include/fennec/lang/type_sequences.h

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 /// </table>
 ///
 
-#include <fennec/lang/detail/__type_sequences.h>
+#include <fennec/lang/detail/_type_sequences.h>
 
 namespace fennec
 {
@@ -62,14 +62,14 @@ namespace fennec
 ///
 /// \brief Get the first element of a template parameter pack
 /// \tparam TypesT the Parameter Pack
-template<typename...TypesT> struct first_element : detail::__first_element<TypesT...> {};
+template<typename...TypesT> struct first_element : detail::_first_element<TypesT...> {};
 
 ///
 /// \brief alias for first_element<TypesT>::type
 template<typename...TypesT> using first_element_t = typename first_element<TypesT...>::type;
 
 
-template<size_t n, typename...TypesT> struct nth_element : detail::__nth_element<n, 0, TypesT...> {};
+template<size_t n, typename...TypesT> struct nth_element : detail::_nth_element<n, 0, TypesT...> {};
 
 
 ///

include/fennec/lang/type_traits.h

@@ -107,16 +107,24 @@
 ///
 
 #include <fennec/lang/type_transforms.h>
-#include <fennec/lang/detail/__type_traits.h>
+#include <fennec/lang/detail/_type_traits.h>
 
 namespace fennec
 {
 
 // fennec::declval =====================================================================================================
 
-template<typename T> auto declval() noexcept -> decltype(detail::__declval<T>(0)) {
-	static_assert(detail::__declval_protector<T>{}, "declval must not be used");
-	return detail::__declval<T>(0);
+template<typename T> auto declval() noexcept -> decltype(detail::_declval<T>(0)) {
+	static_assert(detail::_declval_protector<T>{}, "declval must not be used");
+	return detail::_declval<T>(0);
+}
+
+constexpr inline bool is_constant_evaluated() noexcept {
+	if consteval {
+		return true;
+	} else {
+		return false;
+	}
 }
 
 
@@ -128,7 +136,7 @@ template<typename T> auto declval() noexcept -> decltype(detail::__declval<T>(0)
 /// \details Stores a boolean value in `is_void::value`, representing whether the provided type is of base type void.
 /// \tparam T type to check
 template<typename T> struct is_void
-	: detail::__is_void<remove_cvr_t<T>>{};
+	: detail::_is_void<remove_cvr_t<T>>{};
 
 ///
 /// \brief shorthand for ```is_void<T>::value```
@@ -145,7 +153,7 @@ template<typename T> constexpr bool_t is_void_v = is_void<T>::value;
 /// \details Stores a boolean value in `is_bool::value`, representing whether the provided type is of base type bool.
 /// \tparam T type to check
 template<typename T> struct is_bool
-	: detail::__is_bool<remove_cvr_t<T>>{};
+	: detail::_is_bool<remove_cvr_t<T>>{};
 
 ///
 /// \brief shorthand for ```is_bool<T>::value```
@@ -162,7 +170,7 @@ template<typename T> constexpr bool_t is_bool_v = is_bool<T>::value;
 /// \details Stores a boolean value in `is_null_pointer::value`, representing whether the provided type is of base type nullptr_t.
 /// \tparam T type to check
 template<typename T> struct is_null_pointer
-	: detail::__is_null_pointer<remove_cvr_t<T>>{};
+	: detail::_is_null_pointer<remove_cvr_t<T>>{};
 
 ///
 /// \brief shorthand for ```is_null_pointer<T>::value```
@@ -227,7 +235,7 @@ template<typename T> constexpr size_t is_class_v = is_class<T>::value;
 /// \details Stores a boolean value in `is_integral::value`, representing whether the provided type is of a base integer type.
 /// \tparam T type to check
 template<typename T> struct is_integral
-	: detail::__is_integral<remove_cvr_t<T>> {};
+	: detail::_is_integral<remove_cvr_t<T>> {};
 
 ///
 /// \brief shorthand for ```is_integral<T>::value```
@@ -241,7 +249,7 @@ template<typename T> constexpr bool_t is_integral_v = is_integral<T>::value;
 /// \details Checks if type `T` is a signed type i.e. `T(-1) < T(0)` and stores it in `is_same::value`.
 /// \tparam T type to check
 template<typename T> struct is_signed
-	: detail::__is_signed<remove_cvr_t<T>> {};
+	: detail::_is_signed<remove_cvr_t<T>> {};
 
 ///
 /// \brief shorthand for ```is_signed<T>::value```
@@ -255,7 +263,7 @@ template<typename T> constexpr bool_t is_signed_v = is_signed<T>::value;
 /// \details Checks if type `T` is an unsigned type i.e. `T(-1) > T(0)` and stores it in `is_same::value`.
 /// \tparam T type to check
 template<typename T> struct is_unsigned
-	: detail::__is_unsigned<remove_cvr_t<T>> {};
+	: detail::_is_unsigned<remove_cvr_t<T>> {};
 
 ///
 /// \brief shorthand for ```is_unsigned<T>::value```
@@ -272,7 +280,7 @@ template<typename T> constexpr bool_t is_unsigned_v = is_unsigned<T>::value;
 /// \details Checks if type `T` is a floating point type and store it in `is_same::value`.
 /// \tparam T type to check
 template<typename T> struct is_floating_point
-	: detail::__is_floating_point<remove_cvr_t<T>>{};
+	: detail::_is_floating_point<remove_cvr_t<T>>{};
 
 ///
 /// \brief shorthand for ```is_floating_point<T>::value```
@@ -288,7 +296,7 @@ template<typename T> constexpr bool_t is_floating_point_v = is_floating_point<T>
 /// \details Checks if type `T` is a floating point type and store it in `is_same::value`.
 /// \tparam T type to check
 template<typename T> struct is_pointer
-	: detail::__is_pointer<remove_cvr_t<T>>{};
+	: detail::_is_pointer<remove_cvr_t<T>>{};
 
 ///
 /// \brief shorthand for ```is_floating_point<T>::value```

include/fennec/lang/type_transforms.h

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 #define FENNEC_LANG_TYPE_TRANSFORMS_H
 
 #include <fennec/lang/type_identity.h>
-#include <fennec/lang/detail/__type_transforms.h>
+#include <fennec/lang/detail/_type_transforms.h>
 
 ///
 /// \page fennec_lang_type_transforms Type Transforms
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ template<typename T> using  remove_reference_t = typename remove_reference<T>::t
 ///
 /// \details adds a lvalue reference to the provided type such that 'T' becomes 'T&'
 /// \tparam T Reference Type
-template<typename T> struct add_lvalue_reference : detail::__add_lvalue_reference<T> {};
+template<typename T> struct add_lvalue_reference : detail::_add_lvalue_reference<T> {};
 
 ///
 /// \brief shorthand for `typename remove_reference<T>::type`
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ template<typename T> using  add_lvalue_reference_t = typename add_lvalue_referen
 ///
 /// \details adds a rvalue reference to the provided type such that 'T' becomes 'T&&'
 /// \tparam T Reference Type
-template<typename T> struct add_rvalue_reference : detail::__add_rvalue_reference<T> {};
+template<typename T> struct add_rvalue_reference : detail::_add_rvalue_reference<T> {};
 
 ///
 /// \brief shorthand for `typename remove_reference<T>::type`

include/fennec/lang/types.h

@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@
 ///
 ///
 
-#include <fennec/lang/detail/__int.h>
+#include <fennec/lang/detail/_int.h>
 
 #include <fennec/lang/conditional_types.h>
 
@@ -249,6 +249,7 @@ namespace fennec
 	using uintmax_t = uintmax_t;  ///< \brief Maximum Width Unsigned Integer Type
 	using size_t    = size_t;     ///< \brief Unsigned Integer Type Returned By `sizeof`, `sizeof...`, and `alignof`
 	using ptrdiff_t = __PTRDIFF_TYPE__;  ///< \brief Signed Integer Type Returned by the Subtraction of two Pointers
+	struct empty_t  {};
 
 
 	class undefined_t;                         ///< \brief undefined class for SFINAE
@@ -263,15 +264,15 @@ namespace fennec
 	/// \name Sized Integer Types
 	/// @{
 
-	using int8_t  = schar_t;                                             ///< \brief Signed 8-bit integer
-	using int16_t = short_t;                                             ///< \brief Signed 16-bit integer
-	using int32_t = conditional_t<sizeof(int_t) == 4, int_t, long_t>;    ///< \brief Signed 32-bit integer
-	using int64_t = conditional_t<sizeof(long_t) == 8, long_t, llong_t>; ///< \brief Signed 64-bit integer
+	using int8_t  = ::int8_t;  ///< \brief Signed 8-bit integer
+	using int16_t = ::int16_t; ///< \brief Signed 16-bit integer
+	using int32_t = ::int32_t; ///< \brief Signed 32-bit integer
+	using int64_t = ::int64_t; ///< \brief Signed 64-bit integer
 
-	using uint8_t  = uchar_t;                                                 ///< \brief Unsigned 8-bit integer
-	using uint16_t = ushort_t;                                                ///< \brief Unsigned 16-bit integer
-	using uint32_t  = conditional_t<sizeof(uint_t) == 4, uint_t, ulong_t>;    ///< \brief Unsigned 32-bit integer
-	using uint64_t  = conditional_t<sizeof(ulong_t) == 8, ulong_t, ullong_t>; ///< \brief Unsigned 64-bit integer
+	using uint8_t  = ::uint8_t;  ///< \brief Unsigned 8-bit integer
+	using uint16_t = ::uint16_t; ///< \brief Unsigned 16-bit integer
+	using uint32_t = ::uint32_t; ///< \brief Unsigned 32-bit integer
+	using uint64_t = ::uint64_t; ///< \brief Unsigned 64-bit integer
 
 	/// @}
 

include/fennec/lang/typeuuid.h

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// =====================================================================================================================
+//  fennec, a free and open source game engine
+//  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+//
+//  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+//  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+//  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+//  (at your option) any later version.
+//
+//  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+//  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+//  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+//  GNU General Public License for more details.
+//
+//  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+//  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+// =====================================================================================================================
+
+#ifndef FENNEC_LANG_TYPEUUID_H
+#define FENNEC_LANG_TYPEUUID_H
+
+#include <fennec/lang/assert.h>
+#include <fennec/lang/types.h>
+#include <fennec/lang/type_traits.h>
+
+#include <fennec/lang/detail/_typeuuid.h>
+
+namespace fennec
+{
+
+constexpr uint64_t nullid = 0;
+
+template<typename TypeT, typename RootT = void>
+FENNEC_NO_INLINE uint64_t typeuuid() {
+	assertf(not is_constant_evaluated(), "Type UUIDs Cannot Be Obtained at Compile Time");
+
+	static bool init = false;
+	static uint64_t id = nullid;
+
+	if (init) return id;
+	init = true;
+	return id = detail::_typeuuid<RootT>();
+}
+
+template<typename RootT = void>
+struct typed {
+public:
+	const uint64_t type;
+
+	template<typename TypeT>
+	bool is_type() const {
+		return type == typeuuid<TypeT, RootT>();
+	}
+
+	template<typename TypeT>
+	typed(TypeT*)
+		: type(typeuuid<TypeT, RootT>()) {
+	}
+};
+
+}
+
+#endif // FENNEC_LANG_TYPEUUID_H

include/fennec/langproc/filesystem/detail/_stdio.h

@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@
 //  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 // =====================================================================================================================
 
-#ifndef FENNEC_FPROC_STRINGS_DETAIL_CTYPE_H
-#define FENNEC_FPROC_STRINGS_DETAIL_CTYPE_H
+#ifndef FENNEC_LANGPROC_STRINGS_DETAIL_CTYPE_H
+#define FENNEC_LANGPROC_STRINGS_DETAIL_CTYPE_H
 
 #include <stdio.h>
 
-#endif // FENNEC_FPROC_STRINGS_DETAIL_CTYPE_H
+#endif // FENNEC_LANGPROC_STRINGS_DETAIL_CTYPE_H

include/fennec/langproc/filesystem/file.h

@@ -16,14 +16,14 @@
 //  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 // =====================================================================================================================
 
-#ifndef FENNEC_FPROC_IO_FILE_H
-#define FENNEC_FPROC_IO_FILE_H
+#ifndef FENNEC_LANGPROC_IO_FILE_H
+#define FENNEC_LANGPROC_IO_FILE_H
 
-#include <fennec/fproc/filesystem/path.h>
+#include <fennec/langproc/filesystem/path.h>
 
-#include <fennec/fproc/strings/cstring.h>
-#include <fennec/fproc/strings/string.h>
-#include <fennec/fproc/strings/wstring.h>
+#include <fennec/langproc/strings/cstring.h>
+#include <fennec/langproc/strings/string.h>
+#include <fennec/langproc/strings/wstring.h>
 
 namespace fennec
 {
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ namespace fennec
 /// fmode_binary and fmode_wide are independent of the other modes
 ///
 /// \details Valid Flag Combinations
-/// <table width="100%" class="fieldtable" id="table_fennec_fproc_io_fmode">
+/// <table width="100%" class="fieldtable" id="table_fennec_LANGPROC_io_fmode">
 /// <tr><th style="vertical-align: top">Flags
 ///     <th style="vertical-align: top">Description
 ///
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ public:
 	bool   eof() const;
 
 
-// Read Operations =====================================================================================================
+// Binary Read Operations ==============================================================================================
 
 	char getc();
 	wchar_t getwc();
@@ -269,13 +269,23 @@ public:
 	wstring getwline();
 
 
-// Write Operations ====================================================================================================
+// Binary Write Operations =============================================================================================
 
 	bool putc(char c);
 	bool putwc(wchar_t c);
 
 	size_t write(const void* data, size_t size, size_t n);
 
+	template<size_t n>
+	size_t write(const char (&data)[n]) {
+		return write(data, sizeof(char), n - 1);
+	}
+
+	template<size_t n>
+	size_t write(const wchar_t (&data)[n]) {
+		return write(data, sizeof(wchar_t), n - 1);
+	}
+
 	template<typename T>
 	size_t write(const T* data, size_t n) {
 		return write(static_cast<const void*>(data), sizeof(T), n);
@@ -287,6 +297,11 @@ public:
 	}
 
 
+// Printing Operations =================================================================================================
+
+
+
+
 // Error Handling ======================================================================================================
 
 	const char* get_error() const { return _error; }
@@ -301,4 +316,4 @@ private:
 
 }
 
-#endif // FENNEC_FPROC_IO_FILE_H
+#endif // FENNEC_LANGPROC_IO_FILE_H

include/fennec/langproc/filesystem/path.h

@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@
 //  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 // =====================================================================================================================
 
-#ifndef FENNEC_FPROC_IO_PATH_H
-#define FENNEC_FPROC_IO_PATH_H
+#ifndef FENNEC_LANGPROC_IO_PATH_H
+#define FENNEC_LANGPROC_IO_PATH_H
 
-#include <fennec/fproc/strings/string.h>
+#include <fennec/langproc/strings/string.h>
 
 namespace fennec
 {
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ public:
 	/// \param str the cstring to convert
 	path(const cstring& str)
 		: _str(str) {
-		while (not _str.empty() && _str[_str.size() - 1] == '/') {
+		if (str.size() > 2 && str[str.size() - 1] == '/') {
 			_str = _str.substring(0, str.size() - 1);
 		}
 	}
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ public:
 	/// \brief String Conversion Constructor
 	/// \param str the string to convert
 	path(const string& str)
-		: _str(str) {
-		while (_str[_str.size() - 1] == '/') {
+	: _str(str) {
+		if (str.size() > 2 && str[str.size() - 1] == '/') {
 			_str = _str.substring(0, str.size() - 1);
 		}
 	}
@@ -85,6 +85,16 @@ public:
 
 // Assignment Operators ================================================================================================
 
+	///
+	/// \brief C-String Assignment Operator
+	/// \param str the cstring to assign
+	/// \returns a reference to `this` after assigning `p`
+	template<size_t n>
+	path& operator=(const char (&str)[n]) {
+		_str = str;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
 	///
 	/// \brief C-String Assignment Operator
 	/// \param p the cstring to assign
@@ -145,11 +155,12 @@ public:
 	}
 
 	const string& str() const { return _str; }
+	const char* cstr() const { return _str.cstr(); }
 
 	bool empty() {
 		size_t size = _str.size();
 		if (size == 0) return true;
-#ifdef _WIN32
+#if FENNEC_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
 		return (_str[1] == ':' && size == 3);
 #else
 		return (_str[0] == '/' && size == 1);
@@ -157,7 +168,7 @@ public:
 	}
 
 	path parent() const {
-#ifdef _WIN32
+#ifdef FENNEC_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
 		size_t start = _str.size() - 1;
 		start = _str[start] == '/' || _str[start] == '\\' ? start - 1 : start;
 
@@ -176,7 +187,7 @@ public:
 #else
 		size_t start = _str.size() - 1;
 		start = _str[start] == '/' ? start - 1 : start;
-		return _str.substring(0, _str.rfind('/', start));
+		return path(_str.substring(0, _str.rfind('/', start)));
 #endif
 	}
 
@@ -185,7 +196,7 @@ public:
 		path working; working._str.resize(0);
 
 // Check if this is a rooted path;
-#ifdef _WIN32
+#ifdef FENNEC_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
 		if (_str[1] != ':') {
 #else
 		if (_str[0] != '/') {
@@ -195,7 +206,7 @@ public:
 
 		while (not parse.empty()) {
 			// Handle dots
-			while (parse._str[0] == '.') {
+			while (not parse.empty() && parse._str[0] == '.') {
 				// Check for ".."
 				if (parse._str[1] == '.') {
 					// ".."
@@ -233,4 +244,4 @@ private:
 
 }
 
-#endif // FENNEC_FPROC_IO_PATH_H
+#endif // FENNEC_LANGPROC_IO_PATH_H

include/fennec/langproc/strings/cstring.h

@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@
 //  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 // =====================================================================================================================
 
-#ifndef FENNEC_FPROC_STRINGS_CSTRING_H
-#define FENNEC_FPROC_STRINGS_CSTRING_H
+#ifndef FENNEC_LANGPROC_STRINGS_CSTRING_H
+#define FENNEC_LANGPROC_STRINGS_CSTRING_H
 
-#include <fennec/fproc/strings/detail/__ctype.h>
-#include <fennec/memory/detail/__string.h>
+#include <fennec/langproc/strings/detail/_ctype.h>
+#include <fennec/memory/detail/_string.h>
 
 #include <fennec/lang/assert.h>
 
@@ -67,6 +67,12 @@ public:
 		: _str(nullptr), _size(0), _const(true) {
 	}
 
+	///
+	/// \brief Default Constructor, initializes with nullptr
+	constexpr cstring(nullptr_t)
+		: _str(nullptr), _size(0), _const(true) {
+	}
+
 	///
 	/// \brief Buffer Constructor, wraps the provided C-Style string
 	/// \param str the buffer to wrap
@@ -129,11 +135,16 @@ public:
 	constexpr cstring(const cstring&) = delete;
 	constexpr ~cstring() = default;
 
+	constexpr cstring& operator=(nullptr_t) {
+		_str = nullptr, _size = 0, _const = true;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
 	// TODO: Document
 	template<size_t n>
 	constexpr cstring& operator=(char(&str)[n]) {
 		assert(_str[n - 1] == '\0', "Invalid NTBS.");
-		_str = str; _size = n - 1; _const = false;
+		_str = str, _size = n - 1, _const = false;
 		return *this;
 	}
 
@@ -160,6 +171,14 @@ public:
 	/// \returns the size of the string excluding its null terminator, i.e. `(*str)[size()] == '\0'`
 	constexpr size_t size() const { return _size; }
 
+	///
+	/// \returns the size of the string including its null terminator, i.e. `(*str)[capacity() - 1] == '\0'`
+	constexpr size_t capacity() const { return _size + 1; }
+
+	constexpr bool empty() const {
+		return _cstr == nullptr || _size == 0;
+	}
+
 
 // Access ==============================================================================================================
 
@@ -183,9 +202,16 @@ public:
 	}
 
 	///
-	/// \brief Dereference Operator
+	/// \brief Data Access
 	/// \returns A const qualified pointer to the underlying allocation
-	constexpr const char* operator*() const {
+	constexpr char* data() {
+		return _str;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Data Access
+	/// \returns A const qualified pointer to the underlying allocation
+	constexpr const char* data() const {
 		return _cstr;
 	}
 
@@ -220,6 +246,15 @@ public:
 		return ::strncmp(_cstr + i, str, n);
 	}
 
+	///
+	/// \brief String Equality
+	/// \param str the string to compare against
+	/// \returns True if all characters are equal, false otherwise
+	template<size_t n>
+	constexpr bool operator==(const char (&str)[n]) const {
+		return compare(cstring(str)) == 0;
+	}
+
 	///
 	/// \brief String Equality
 	/// \param str the string to compare against
@@ -306,11 +341,11 @@ private:
 
 template<>
 struct hash<cstring> : hash<byte_array> {
-	constexpr size_t operator()(const cstring& str) {
-		return hash<byte_array>::operator()(byte_array(*str, str.size()));
+	constexpr size_t operator()(const cstring& str) const {
+		return hash<byte_array>::operator()(byte_array(str, str.size()));
 	}
 };
 
 }
 
-#endif // FENNEC_FPROC_STRINGS_CSTRING_H
+#endif // FENNEC_LANGPROC_STRINGS_CSTRING_H

include/fennec/langproc/strings/detail/_ctype.h

@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@
 //  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 // =====================================================================================================================
 
-#ifndef FENNEC_FPROC_STRINGS_DETAIL_CTYPE_H
-#define FENNEC_FPROC_STRINGS_DETAIL_CTYPE_H
+#ifndef FENNEC_LANGPROC_STRINGS_DETAIL_CTYPE_H
+#define FENNEC_LANGPROC_STRINGS_DETAIL_CTYPE_H
 
 #include <ctype.h>
 #include <wctype.h>
 
-#endif // FENNEC_FPROC_STRINGS_DETAIL_CTYPE_H
+#endif // FENNEC_LANGPROC_STRINGS_DETAIL_CTYPE_H

include/fennec/langproc/strings/detail/_locale.h

@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@
 //  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 // =====================================================================================================================
 
-#ifndef FENNEC_FPROC_STRINGS_DETAIL_CTYPE_H
-#define FENNEC_FPROC_STRINGS_DETAIL_CTYPE_H
+#ifndef FENNEC_LANGPROC_STRINGS_DETAIL_CTYPE_H
+#define FENNEC_LANGPROC_STRINGS_DETAIL_CTYPE_H
 
 #include <locale.h>
 
-#endif // FENNEC_FPROC_STRINGS_DETAIL_CTYPE_H
+#endif // FENNEC_LANGPROC_STRINGS_DETAIL_CTYPE_H

include/fennec/langproc/strings/locale.h

@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@
 //  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 // =====================================================================================================================
 
-#ifndef FENNEC_FPROC_STRINGS_LOCALE_H
-#define FENNEC_FPROC_STRINGS_LOCALE_H
+#ifndef FENNEC_LANGPROC_STRINGS_LOCALE_H
+#define FENNEC_LANGPROC_STRINGS_LOCALE_H
 
-#include <fennec/fproc/strings/detail/__locale.h>
+#include <fennec/langproc/strings/detail/_locale.h>
 
 namespace fennec
 {
@@ -41,4 +41,4 @@ using ::localeconv;
 
 }
 
-#endif // FENNEC_FPROC_STRINGS_LOCALE_H
+#endif // FENNEC_LANGPROC_STRINGS_LOCALE_H

include/fennec/langproc/strings/string.h

@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@
 //  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 // =====================================================================================================================
 
-#ifndef FENNEC_FPROC_STRINGS_STRING_H
-#define FENNEC_FPROC_STRINGS_STRING_H
+#ifndef FENNEC_LANGPROC_STRINGS_STRING_H
+#define FENNEC_LANGPROC_STRINGS_STRING_H
 
-#include <fennec/fproc/strings/detail/__ctype.h>
-#include <fennec/fproc/strings/cstring.h>
+#include <fennec/langproc/strings/detail/_ctype.h>
+#include <fennec/langproc/strings/cstring.h>
 
 #include <fennec/lang/assert.h>
 
@@ -59,93 +59,104 @@ public:
 	}
 
 	///
-	/// \brief Sized Constructor, initializes a null-terminated string of size `n` with null characters
+	/// \brief Sized Constructor, initializes a null-terminated string of size `n` with `'c'...`
 	/// \param n the number of characters
-	///
-	/// \details adds additional character for null termination.
-	constexpr _string(size_t n)
-		: _string('\0', n) {
-	}
-
-	///
-	/// \brief Sized Constructor, initializes a null-terminated string of size `n` filled with the character `c`
 	/// \param c the character to fill with
-	/// \param n the number of characters
 	///
 	/// \details adds additional character for null termination.
-	constexpr _string(char c, size_t n)
+	constexpr _string(size_t n, char c = '\0')
 		: _str(n + 1) {
-		fennec::memset(_str.data(), c, n);
-		_str[n] = '\0';
+		fennec::memset(_str, c, n);
 	}
+
+	constexpr _string(const alloc_t& alloc)
+		: _str(alloc) {
+	}
+
+	constexpr _string(size_t n, char c, const alloc_t& alloc)
+		: _str(n + 1, alloc) {
+		fennec::memset(_str, c, n);
+	}
+
+	constexpr _string(const cstring& cstr)
+		: _str(cstr, cstr.size() + 1) {
+	}
+
 	///
-	/// \brief Buffer Copy Constructor
-	/// \param str the buffer to copy
-	/// \tparam n number of characters in the buffer
-	///
-	/// \details adds additional character for null termination. Ignores whether str is null-terminated.
-	///          This constructor makes the assumption that `len` is the intended number of characters.
+	/// \brief Buffer Constructor, wraps the provided C-Style string, appending a null-terminator if not present
+	/// \param str the buffer to wrap
+	/// \tparam n the number of characters in the buffer including the null-terminator, if present
 	template<size_t n>
-	constexpr _string(const char str[n])
-		: _str(str, n + 1) {
-		_str[n] = '\0';
+	explicit constexpr _string(const char (&str)[n])
+		: _str(str[n - 1] != '\0' ? n + 1 : n) {
+		fennec::memcpy(_str, str, n);
+		if (str[n - 1] != '\0') {
+			_str[n] = '\0';
+		}
 	}
 
 	///
-	/// \brief Buffer Copy Constructor
-	/// \param str the buffer to copy
-	/// \param n number of characters in the buffer
-	///
-	/// \details adds additional character for null termination. Ignores whether str is null-terminated.
-	///          This constructor makes the assumption that `n` is the intended number of characters.
-	constexpr _string(const char* str, size_t n)
-		: _str(n + 1) {
-		fennec::memcpy(_str.data(), str, n);
-		_str[n] = '\0';
-	}
-
-	///
-	/// \brief Buffer Copy Constructor
-	/// \param str the buffer to copy
-	constexpr _string(const cstring& str)
-		: _str(str, str.size() + 1) {
+	/// \brief Buffer Constructor, wraps the provided C-Style string, appending a null-terminator if not present
+	/// \param str the buffer to wrap
+	/// \param n the number of characters in the buffer including the null-terminator, if present
+	constexpr _string(const char* buf, size_t n)
+		: _str(buf[n - 1] != '\0' ? n + 1 : n) {
+		fennec::memcpy(_str, buf, n);
+		if (buf[n - 1] != '\0') {
+			_str[n] = '\0';
+		}
 	}
 
 	///
 	/// \brief String Copy Constructor
 	/// \param str the string to copy
-	constexpr _string(const _string& str)
-		: _str(str._str) {
-	}
-
-	constexpr _string(_string&& str) noexcept
-		: _str(fennec::move(str._str)) {
-	}
+	constexpr _string(const _string& str) = default;
 
 	///
-	/// \brief String Destructor, cleans up the underlying allocation
-	constexpr ~_string() = default; // allocation cleans up itself
+	/// \brief String Move Constructor
+	/// \param str the string to take ownership of
+	constexpr _string(_string&& str) noexcept = default;
+
+	///
+	/// \brief  Destructor, cleans up underlying allocation
+	constexpr ~_string() = default;
+
+// Assignment ==========================================================================================================
+
+	constexpr _string& operator=(const cstring& cstr) {
+		_str.callocate(cstr.capacity());
+		fennec::memcpy(_str, cstr, cstr.capacity());
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	constexpr _string& operator=(const _string& str) = default;
+	constexpr _string& operator=(_string&& str) noexcept = default;
 
 // Properties ==========================================================================================================
 
 	///
 	/// \returns The size of the string excluding null terminator
 	constexpr size_t size() const {
-		return _str.capacity() - 1;
+		return _str.capacity() > 0 ? _str.capacity() - 1 : 0;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \returns The size of the string including null terminator
+	constexpr size_t capacity() const {
+		return _str.capacity();
 	}
 
 	constexpr bool empty() const {
 		return size() == 0;
 	}
 
-
 // Access ==============================================================================================================
 
 	///
 	/// \brief Array Access Operator
 	/// \param i the index to access
 	/// \returns a reference to the character
-	constexpr char& operator[](int i) {
+	constexpr char& operator[](size_t i) {
 		return _str[i];
 	}
 
@@ -153,24 +164,21 @@ public:
 	/// \brief Const-Array Access Operator
 	/// \param i the index to access
 	/// \returns a copy of the character
-	constexpr char operator[](int i) const {
-		assertd(i >= 0 && (size_t)i < size(), "Array Out of Bounds");
+	constexpr const char& operator[](size_t i) const {
 		return _str[i];
 	}
 
-	///
-	/// \brief Dereference Operator
-	/// \returns A const qualified pointer to the underlying allocation
-	constexpr const char* operator*() const {
-		return _str.data();
+	constexpr char* data() {
+		return _str;
 	}
 
-	///
-	/// \brief Implicit Dereference Cast
-	constexpr operator const char*() const {
-		return _str.data();
+	constexpr const char* data() const {
+		return _str;
 	}
 
+	constexpr const char* cstr() const {
+		return _str;
+	}
 
 // Examination =========================================================================================================
 
@@ -191,7 +199,7 @@ public:
 		}
 		n = fennec::min(n, fennec::max(_str, str.size()) + 1);
 
-		return ::strncmp(_str.data() + i, str, n);
+		return ::strncmp(_str + i, str, n);
 	}
 
 	///
@@ -205,7 +213,7 @@ public:
 		}
 		n = min(n, max(size(), str.size()) + 1);
 
-		return ::strncmp(_str.data() + i, str, n);
+		return ::strncmp(_str + i, str.data(), n);
 	}
 
 	constexpr bool operator==(const _string& str) const {
@@ -221,8 +229,8 @@ public:
 			return size();
 		}
 
-		const char* loc = ::strchr(_str.data() + i, c); // get location using strchr
-		return loc ? loc - _str.data() : size(); // return size if not found
+		const char* loc = ::strchr(_str + i, c); // get location using strchr
+		return loc ? loc - _str : size(); // return size if not found
 	}
 
 	///
@@ -311,59 +319,6 @@ public:
 		return size(); // base case
 	}
 
-// Manipulation ========================================================================================================
-
-	///
-	/// \brief Resize the string, filling additional bytes with `'\0'`
-	/// \param n the new size of the string
-	constexpr void resize(size_t n) {
-		size_t i = size();
-		_str.reallocate(n + 1);
-		if (n > i) fennec::memset(_str.data() + i, '\0', n + 1 - i);
-	}
-
-	///
-	/// \brief Copy Assignment Operator
-	/// \param str the string to copy
-	/// \returns a reference to `this`
-	constexpr _string& operator=(const cstring& str) {
-		resize(str.size());
-		fennec::memcpy(_str.data(), str, str.size());
-		_str[str.size()] = '\0';
-		return *this;
-	}
-
-	///
-	/// \brief Copy Assignment Operator
-	/// \param str the string to copy
-	/// \returns a reference to `this`
-	constexpr _string& operator=(const string& str) {
-		resize(str.size());
-		fennec::memcpy(_str.data(), str, str.size());
-		_str[str.size()] = '\0';
-		return *this;
-	}
-
-	///
-	/// \brief Move Assignment Operator
-	/// \param str the string to move
-	/// \returns a reference to `this`
-	constexpr _string& operator=(string&& str) noexcept {
-		_str = move(str._str);
-		return *this;
-	}
-
-	///
-	/// \brief Replace all instances of `x` with `y`
-	/// \param x the character to search for
-	/// \param y the character to replace with
-	void replace(char x, char y) {
-		size_t i = 0;
-		while ((i = find(x, 0)) != size()) {
-			_str[i] = y;
-		}
-	}
-
 	///
 	/// \brief Retrieve a substring of a string
 	/// \param i the start index
@@ -373,60 +328,98 @@ public:
 		if (i >= size()) {
 			return _string("");
 		}
-		n = min(n, size() - i);
-		return _string(_str.data() + i, n);
-	}
-
-	///
-	/// \brief Returns a string with `c` appended to it
-	/// \param c
-	/// \returns
-	constexpr _string operator+(char c) const {
-		// Copy contents with one additional byte.
-		_string res(_str.data(), _str.size());
-		res[size()] = c; // Set the last character to c
+		n = fennec::min(n, size() - i);
+		_string res;
+		res._str.callocate(n + 1);
+		fennec::memcpy(res.data(), _str + i, n);
 		return res;
 	}
 
-	friend constexpr _string operator+(char c, _string& str) {
-		return _string(c, 1) + str;
+
+
+// Modifiers ===========================================================================================================
+
+	constexpr void resize(size_t n) {
+		_str.creallocate(n + 1);
+		_str[size()] = '\0';
 	}
 
-	constexpr _string operator+(const cstring& str) const {
-		_string res(size() + str.size()); // Make a new string with the size of this + str
-		fennec::memcpy(&res[0], _str.data(), size()); // Copy the contents of this
-		fennec::memcpy(&res[size()], str, str.size()); // Append the contents of str
+	constexpr _string operator+(char c) const {
+		if (_str == nullptr) {
+			return _string(1, c);
+		}
+		_string res;
+		res._str.callocate(capacity() + 1);
+		fennec::memcpy(res.data(), _str, size());
+		res[size()] = c;
+		return res;
+	}
+
+	friend constexpr _string operator+(char c, const _string& str) {
+		_string res(1, c);
+		return res += str;
+	}
+
+	constexpr _string operator+(const cstring& cstr) const {
+		if (_str == nullptr) {
+			return _string(cstr);
+		}
+		_string res;
+		res._str.callocate(size() + cstr.size() + 1);
+		fennec::memcpy(res.data(), _str, size());
+		fennec::memcpy(res.data() + size(), cstr, cstr.size());
 		return res;
 	}
 
 	constexpr _string operator+(const _string& str) const {
-		_string res(size() + str.size()); // Make a new string with the size of this + str
-		fennec::memcpy(&res[0], _str.data(), size()); // Copy the contents of this
-		fennec::memcpy(&res[size()], str, str.size()); // Append the contents of str
+		if (_str == nullptr) {
+			return _string(str);
+		}
+		if (str.data() == nullptr) {
+			return _string(*this);
+		}
+		_string res;
+		res._str.callocate(size() + str.size() + 1);
+		fennec::memcpy(res.data(), _str, size());
+		fennec::memcpy(res.data() + size(), str.data(), str.size());
 		return res;
 	}
 
 	constexpr _string& operator+=(char c) {
-		size_t x = size();
-		resize(x + 1);
-		_str[x] = c;
+		if (_str == nullptr) {
+			_str.callocate(2);
+			_str[0] = c;
+			return *this;
+		}
+		_str.creallocate(capacity() + 1);
+		_str[size() - 1] = c;
 		return *this;
 	}
 
-	constexpr _string& operator+=(const cstring& str) {
-		size_t x = size();
-		resize(x + str.size());
-		fennec::memcpy(&_str[x], str, str.size());
+	constexpr _string& operator+=(const cstring& cstr) {
+		if (_str == nullptr) {
+			return *this = cstr;
+		}
+		size_t middle = size();
+		_str.creallocate(middle + cstr.size() + 1);
+		fennec::memcpy(_str + middle, cstr, cstr.size());
 		return *this;
 	}
 
 	constexpr _string& operator+=(const _string& str) {
-		size_t x = size();
-		resize(x + str.size());
-		fennec::memcpy(&_str[x], str, str.size());
+		if (_str == nullptr) {
+			return *this = str;
+		}
+		if (str.data() == nullptr) {
+			return *this;
+		}
+		size_t middle = size();
+		_str.creallocate(middle + str.size() + 1);
+		fennec::memcpy(_str + middle, str.data(), str.size());
 		return *this;
 	}
 
+
 private:
 	alloc_t _str;
 };
@@ -434,11 +427,11 @@ private:
 template<>
 struct hash<string> : hash<byte_array> {
 	constexpr size_t operator()(const string& str) const {
-		return hash<byte_array>::operator()(byte_array(*str, str.size()));
+		return hash<byte_array>::operator()(byte_array(str.data(), str.size()));
 	}
 };
 
 }
 
 
-#endif // FENNEC_FPROC_STRINGS_STRING_H
+#endif // FENNEC_LANGPROC_STRINGS_STRING_H

include/fennec/langproc/strings/wcstring.h

@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@
 //  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 // =====================================================================================================================
 
-#ifndef FENNEC_FPROC_STRINGS_wcstring_H
-#define FENNEC_FPROC_STRINGS_wcstring_H
+#ifndef FENNEC_LANGPROC_STRINGS_wcstring_H
+#define FENNEC_LANGPROC_STRINGS_wcstring_H
 
-#include <fennec/fproc/strings/detail/__ctype.h>
-#include <fennec/memory/detail/__string.h>
+#include <fennec/langproc/strings/detail/_ctype.h>
+#include <fennec/memory/detail/_string.h>
 
 #include <fennec/lang/assert.h>
 
@@ -66,9 +66,13 @@ public:
 	///
 	/// \brief Default Constructor, initializes with nullptr
 	constexpr wcstring()
-		: _str(nullptr)
-		, _size(0)
-		, _const(true) {
+		: _str(nullptr), _size(0), _const(true) {
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Default Constructor, initializes with nullptr
+	constexpr wcstring(nullptr_t)
+		: _str(nullptr), _size(0), _const(true) {
 	}
 
 	///
@@ -87,7 +91,7 @@ public:
 	/// \param str the buffer to wrap
 	/// \tparam n the number of characters in the buffer plus the null terminator
 	template<size_t n>
-	constexpr wcstring(wchar_t(&str)[n])
+	constexpr wcstring(wchar_t (&str)[n])
 		: _str(str)
 		, _size(n - 1)
 		, _const(false) {
@@ -110,7 +114,7 @@ public:
 	/// \param str the buffer to wrap
 	/// \tparam n the number of characters in the buffer plus the null terminator
 	template<size_t n>
-	constexpr wcstring(const wchar_t(&str)[n])
+	constexpr wcstring(const wchar_t (&str)[n])
 		: _cstr(str)
 		, _size(n - 1)
 		, _const(true) {
@@ -133,11 +137,16 @@ public:
 	constexpr wcstring(const wcstring&) = delete;
 	constexpr ~wcstring() = default;
 
+	constexpr wcstring& operator=(nullptr_t) {
+		_str = nullptr, _size = 0, _const = true;
+		return *this;
+	}
+
 	// TODO: Document
 	template<size_t n>
 	constexpr wcstring& operator=(wchar_t(&str)[n]) {
 		assert(_str[n - 1] == '\0', "Invalid NTBS.");
-		_str = str; _size = n - 1; _const = false;
+		_str = str, _size = n - 1, _const = false;
 		return *this;
 	}
 
@@ -164,6 +173,14 @@ public:
 	/// \returns the size of the string excluding its null terminator, i.e. `(*str)[size()] == '\0'`
 	constexpr size_t size() const { return _size; }
 
+	///
+	/// \returns the size of the string including its null terminator, i.e. `(*str)[capacity() - 1] == '\0'`
+	constexpr size_t capacity() const { return _size + 1; }
+
+	constexpr bool empty() const {
+		return _cstr == nullptr || _size == 0;
+	}
+
 
 // Access ==============================================================================================================
 
@@ -181,15 +198,22 @@ public:
 	/// \brief Const-Array Access Operator
 	/// \param i the index to access
 	/// \returns a copy of the character
-	constexpr wchar_t operator[](size_t i) const {
+	constexpr const wchar_t& operator[](size_t i) const {
 		assertd(i < size(), "Array Out of Bounds");
 		return _cstr[i];
 	}
 
 	///
-	/// \brief Dereference Operator
+	/// \brief Data Access
 	/// \returns A const qualified pointer to the underlying allocation
-	constexpr const wchar_t* operator*() const {
+	constexpr wchar_t* data() {
+		return _str;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \brief Data Access
+	/// \returns A const qualified pointer to the underlying allocation
+	constexpr const wchar_t* data() const {
 		return _cstr;
 	}
 
@@ -205,12 +229,14 @@ public:
 	///
 	/// \returns The length of the string to the first null-terminator
 	constexpr size_t length() const {
-		return find(L'\0');
+		return find('\0');
 	}
 
 	///
 	/// \brief String Comparison
 	/// \param str the string to compare against
+	/// \param i the index to start at
+	/// \param n the number of characters to compare
 	/// \returns Zero if both strings are equal, otherwise a negative value if lhs appears before rhs according to the
 	///          current locale, otherwise a positive value.
 	constexpr int compare(const wcstring& str, size_t i = 0, size_t n = npos) const {
@@ -222,6 +248,15 @@ public:
 		return ::wcsncmp(_cstr + i, str, n);
 	}
 
+	///
+	/// \brief String Equality
+	/// \param str the string to compare against
+	/// \returns True if all characters are equal, false otherwise
+	template<size_t n>
+	constexpr bool operator==(const wchar_t (&str)[n]) const {
+		return compare(wcstring(str)) == 0;
+	}
+
 	///
 	/// \brief String Equality
 	/// \param str the string to compare against
@@ -263,7 +298,7 @@ public:
 	/// \param c the string to find
 	/// \param i the index to start at
 	/// \returns The index of `c` if it occurs in the string, otherwise returns `size()`
-	constexpr size_t rfind(wchar_t c, size_t i = npos) const {
+	constexpr size_t rfind(char c, size_t i = npos) const {
 		if (_size == 0) {
 			return _size;
 		}
@@ -285,7 +320,7 @@ public:
 			return _size;
 		}
 
-		const wchar_t first = str[0];
+		const char first = str[0];
 		i = min(i, _size - str._size);
 		do {
 			if(_cstr[i] == first) {
@@ -306,6 +341,13 @@ private:
 	bool  _const;
 };
 
+template<>
+struct hash<wcstring> : hash<byte_array> {
+	constexpr size_t operator()(const wcstring& str) const {
+		return hash<byte_array>::operator()(byte_array(str, str.size()));
+	}
+};
+
 }
 
-#endif // FENNEC_FPROC_STRINGS_wcstring_H
+#endif // FENNEC_LANGPROC_STRINGS_wcstring_H

include/fennec/langproc/strings/wstring.h

@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@
 //  along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 // =====================================================================================================================
 
-#ifndef FENNEC_FPROC_wstringS_wstring_H
-#define FENNEC_FPROC_wstringS_wstring_H
+#ifndef FENNEC_LANGPROC_wstringS_WSTRING_H
+#define FENNEC_LANGPROC_wstringS_WSTRING_H
 
-#include <fennec/fproc/strings/detail/__ctype.h>
-#include <fennec/fproc/strings/wcstring.h>
+#include <fennec/langproc/strings/detail/_ctype.h>
+#include <fennec/langproc/strings/wcstring.h>
 
 #include <fennec/lang/assert.h>
 
@@ -59,98 +59,104 @@ public:
 	}
 
 	///
-	/// \brief Sized Constructor, initializes a null-terminated string of size `n` with null wchar_tacters
+	/// \brief Sized Constructor, initializes a null-terminated string of size `n` with `'c'...`
 	/// \param n the number of wchar_tacters
-	///
-	/// \details adds additional wchar_tacter for null termination.
-	constexpr _wstring(size_t n)
-		: _wstring('\0', n) {
-	}
-
-	///
-	/// \brief Sized Constructor, initializes a null-terminated string of size `n` filled with the wchar_tacter `c`
 	/// \param c the wchar_tacter to fill with
-	/// \param n the number of wchar_tacters
 	///
 	/// \details adds additional wchar_tacter for null termination.
-	constexpr _wstring(wchar_t c, size_t n)
+	constexpr _wstring(size_t n, wchar_t c = '\0')
 		: _str(n + 1) {
-		fennec::wmemset(_str.data(), c, n); _str[n] = '\0';
+		fennec::wmemset(_str, c, n);
 	}
+
+	constexpr _wstring(const alloc_t& alloc)
+		: _str(alloc) {
+	}
+
+	constexpr _wstring(size_t n, wchar_t c, const alloc_t& alloc)
+		: _str(n + 1, alloc) {
+		fennec::wmemset(_str, c, n);
+	}
+
+	constexpr _wstring(const wcstring& cstr)
+		: _str(cstr, cstr.size() + 1) {
+	}
+
 	///
-	/// \brief Buffer Copy Constructor
-	/// \param str the buffer to copy
-	/// \param len number of wchar_tacters in the buffer
-	///
-	/// \details adds additional wchar_tacter for null termination. Ignores whether str is null-terminated.
-	///          This constructor makes the assumption that `len` is the intended number of wchar_tacters.
+	/// \brief Buffer Constructor, wraps the provided C-Style string, appending a null-terminator if not present
+	/// \param str the buffer to wrap
+	/// \tparam n the number of wchar_tacters in the buffer including the null-terminator, if present
 	template<size_t n>
-	constexpr _wstring(const wchar_t str[n])
-		: _str(str, n + 1) {
-		::wcsncpy(_str.data(), str, n);
-		_str[n] = '\0';
+	explicit constexpr _wstring(const wchar_t (&str)[n])
+		: _str(str[n - 1] != '\0' ? n + 1 : n) {
+		fennec::wmemcpy(_str, str, n);
+		if (str[n - 1] != '\0') {
+			_str[n] = '\0';
+		}
 	}
 
 	///
-	/// \brief Buffer Copy Constructor
-	/// \param str the buffer to copy
-	/// \param len number of wchar_tacters in the buffer
-	///
-	/// \details adds additional wchar_tacter for null termination. Ignores whether str is null-terminated.
-	///          This constructor makes the assumption that `len` is the intended number of wchar_tacters.
-	constexpr _wstring(const wchar_t* str, size_t n)
-		: _str(str, n + 1) {
-		::wcsncpy(_str.data(), str, n);
-		_str[n] = '\0';
-	}
-
-	///
-	/// \brief Buffer Copy Constructor
-	/// \param str the buffer to copy
-	/// \param len number of wchar_tacters in the buffer
-	///
-	/// \details adds additional wchar_tacter for null termination. Ignores whether str is null-terminated.
-	///          This constructor makes the assumption that `len` is the intended number of wchar_tacters.
-	constexpr _wstring(const wcstring& str)
-		: _str(str, str.size() + 1) {
-		_str[str.size()] = '\0';
+	/// \brief Buffer Constructor, wraps the provided C-Style string, appending a null-terminator if not present
+	/// \param str the buffer to wrap
+	/// \param n the number of wchar_tacters in the buffer including the null-terminator, if present
+	constexpr _wstring(const wchar_t* buf, size_t n)
+		: _str(buf[n - 1] != '\0' ? n + 1 : n) {
+		fennec::wmemcpy(_str, buf, n);
+		if (buf[n - 1] != '\0') {
+			_str[n] = '\0';
+		}
 	}
 
 	///
 	/// \brief String Copy Constructor
 	/// \param str the string to copy
-	constexpr _wstring(const wstring& str)
-		: _wstring(str, str.size() - 1) {
-	}
-
-	constexpr _wstring(_wstring&& str) noexcept
-		: _str(fennec::move(str._str)) {
-	}
+	constexpr _wstring(const _wstring& str) = default;
 
 	///
-	/// \brief String Destructor, cleans up the underlying allocation
-	constexpr ~_wstring() = default; // allocation cleans up itself
+	/// \brief String Move Constructor
+	/// \param str the string to take ownership of
+	constexpr _wstring(_wstring&& str) noexcept = default;
+
+	///
+	/// \brief  Destructor, cleans up underlying allocation
+	constexpr ~_wstring() = default;
+
+// Assignment ==========================================================================================================
+
+	constexpr _wstring& operator=(const wcstring& cstr) {
+		_str.callocate(cstr.capacity());
+		fennec::wmemcpy(_str, cstr, cstr.capacity());
+		return *this;
+	}
+
+	constexpr _wstring& operator=(const _wstring& str) = default;
+	constexpr _wstring& operator=(_wstring&& str) noexcept = default;
 
 // Properties ==========================================================================================================
 
 	///
 	/// \returns The size of the string excluding null terminator
 	constexpr size_t size() const {
-		return _str.capacity() - 1;
+		return _str.capacity() > 0 ? _str.capacity() - 1 : 0;
+	}
+
+	///
+	/// \returns The size of the string including null terminator
+	constexpr size_t capacity() const {
+		return _str.capacity();
 	}
 
 	constexpr bool empty() const {
 		return size() == 0;
 	}
 
-
 // Access ==============================================================================================================
 
 	///
 	/// \brief Array Access Operator
 	/// \param i the index to access
 	/// \returns a reference to the wchar_tacter
-	constexpr wchar_t& operator[](int i) {
+	constexpr wchar_t& operator[](size_t i) {
 		return _str[i];
 	}
 
@@ -158,24 +164,21 @@ public:
 	/// \brief Const-Array Access Operator
 	/// \param i the index to access
 	/// \returns a copy of the wchar_tacter
-	constexpr wchar_t operator[](int i) const {
-		assertd(i >= 0 && i < size(), "Array Out of Bounds");
+	constexpr const wchar_t& operator[](size_t i) const {
 		return _str[i];
 	}
 
-	///
-	/// \brief Dereference Operator
-	/// \returns A const qualified pointer to the underlying allocation
-	constexpr const wchar_t* operator*() const {
-		return _str.data();
+	constexpr wchar_t* data() {
+		return _str;
 	}
 
-	///
-	/// \brief Implicit Dereference Cast
-	constexpr operator const wchar_t*() const {
-		return _str.data();
+	constexpr const wchar_t* data() const {
+		return _str;
 	}
 
+	constexpr const wchar_t* cstr() const {
+		return _str;
+	}
 
 // Examination =========================================================================================================
 
@@ -196,7 +199,7 @@ public:
 		}
 		n = fennec::min(n, fennec::max(_str, str.size()) + 1);
 
-		return ::wcsncmp(_str.data() + i, str, n);
+		return ::wcsncmp(_str + i, str, n);
 	}
 
 	///
@@ -204,13 +207,13 @@ public:
 	/// \param ostr the string to compare against
 	/// \returns Zero if both strings are equal, otherwise a negative value if lhs appears before rhs according to the
 	///          current locale, otherwise a positive value.
-	constexpr int compare(const wstring& str, size_t i = 0, size_t n = npos) const {
+	constexpr int compare(const _wstring& str, size_t i = 0, size_t n = npos) const {
 		if (i >= size()) { // bounds check
 			return -1;
 		}
 		n = min(n, max(size(), str.size()) + 1);
 
-		return ::wcsncmp(_str.data() + i, str, n);
+		return ::wcsncmp(_str + i, str.data(), n);
 	}
 
 	constexpr bool operator==(const _wstring& str) const {
@@ -226,15 +229,15 @@ public:
 			return size();
 		}
 
-		const wchar_t* loc = ::wcschr(_str.data() + i, c); // get location using strchr
-		return loc ? loc - _str.data() : size(); // return size if not found
+		const wchar_t* loc = ::wcschr(_str + i, c); // get location using strchr
+		return loc ? loc - _str : size(); // return size if not found
 	}
 
 	///
 	/// \brief Finds the index of the first occurrence of `str` in the string.
 	/// \param str the string to find
 	/// \returns The index of `str` if it occurs in the string, otherwise returns `size()`
-	constexpr size_t find(const wstring& str, size_t i = 0) const { // bounds check
+	constexpr size_t find(const _wstring& str, size_t i = 0) const { // bounds check
 		if (i >= size()) { // bounds check
 			return size();
 		}
@@ -300,7 +303,7 @@ public:
 	/// \param str the string to find
 	/// \param i the index to start at
 	/// \returns The index of `str` if it occurs in the string, otherwise returns `size()`
-	constexpr size_t rfind(const wstring& str, size_t i = npos) const {
+	constexpr size_t rfind(const string& str, size_t i = npos) const {
 		if (size() == 0) {
 			return size();
 		}
@@ -316,112 +319,119 @@ public:
 		return size(); // base case
 	}
 
-// Manipulation ========================================================================================================
-
-	///
-	/// \brief Resize the string, filling additional bytes with `'\0'`
-	/// \param n the new size of the string
-	constexpr void resize(size_t n) {
-		size_t i = size();
-		_str.reallocate(n + 1);
-		if (n > i) fennec::wmemset(_str.data() + i, L'\0', n - i);
-	}
-
-	///
-	/// \brief Copy Assignment Operator
-	/// \param str the string to copy
-	/// \returns a reference to `this`
-	constexpr wstring& operator=(const wcstring& str) {
-		if (str.size() > size()) resize(str.size());
-		fennec::wmemcpy(_str.data(), str, str.size());
-		_str[str.size()] = L'\0';
-		return *this;
-	}
-
-	///
-	/// \brief Copy Assignment Operator
-	/// \param str the string to copy
-	/// \returns a reference to `this`
-	constexpr wstring& operator=(const wstring& str) {
-		if (str.size() > size()) resize(str.size());
-		fennec::wmemcpy(_str.data(), str, str.size());
-		_str[str.size()] = '\0';
-		return *this;
-	}
-
-	///
-	/// \brief Move Assignment Operator
-	/// \param str the string to move
-	/// \returns a reference to `this`
-	constexpr wstring& operator=(wstring&& str) noexcept {
-		_str = fennec::move(str._str);
-		return *this;
-	}
-
 	///
 	/// \brief Retrieve a substring of a string
 	/// \param i the start index
 	/// \param n the number of wchar_tacters
 	/// \return
-	constexpr wstring substring(size_t i, size_t n = npos) const {
+	constexpr _wstring substring(size_t i, size_t n = npos) const {
 		if (i >= size()) {
-			return wstring("");
+			return _wstring("");
 		}
-		n = min(n, size() - i);
-		return wstring(_str.data() + i, n);
-	}
-
-	///
-	/// \brief Returns a string with `c` appended to it
-	/// \param c
-	/// \returns
-	constexpr wstring operator+(wchar_t c) const {
-		// Copy contents with one additional byte.
-		wstring res(_str, _str.size());
-		res[size()] = c; // Set the last wchar_tacter to c
+		n = fennec::min(n, size() - i);
+		_wstring res;
+		res._str.callocate(n + 1);
+		fennec::wmemcpy(res.data(), _str + i, n);
 		return res;
 	}
 
-	constexpr wstring operator+(const wcstring& str) const {
-		wstring res(size() + str.size()); // Make a new string with the size of this + str
-		fennec::wmemcpy(&res[0], _str.data(), size()); // Copy the contents of this
-		fennec::wmemcpy(&res[size()], str, str.size()); // Append the contents of str
+
+
+// Modifiers ===========================================================================================================
+
+	constexpr void resize(size_t n) {
+		_str.creallocate(n + 1);
+		_str[size()] = '\0';
+	}
+
+	constexpr _wstring operator+(wchar_t c) const {
+		if (_str == nullptr) {
+			return _wstring(1, c);
+		}
+		_wstring res;
+		res._str.callocate(capacity() + 1);
+		fennec::wmemcpy(res.data(), _str, size());
+		res[size()] = c;
 		return res;
 	}
 
-	constexpr wstring operator+(const wstring& str) const {
-		wstring res(size() + str.size()); // Make a new string with the size of this + str
-		fennec::wmemcpy(&res[0], _str.data(), size()); // Copy the contents of this
-		fennec::wmemcpy(&res[size()], str, str.size()); // Append the contents of str
+	friend constexpr _wstring operator+(wchar_t c, const _wstring& str) {
+		_wstring res(1, c);
+		return res += str;
+	}
+
+	constexpr _wstring operator+(const wcstring& cstr) const {
+		if (_str == nullptr) {
+			return _wstring(cstr);
+		}
+		_wstring res;
+		res._str.callocate(size() + cstr.size() + 1);
+		fennec::wmemcpy(res.data(), _str, size());
+		fennec::wmemcpy(res.data() + size(), cstr, cstr.size());
 		return res;
 	}
 
-	constexpr wstring& operator+=(wchar_t c) {
-		size_t x = size();
-		resize(x + 1);
-		_str[x] = c;
+	constexpr _wstring operator+(const _wstring& str) const {
+		if (_str == nullptr) {
+			return _wstring(str);
+		}
+		if (str.data() == nullptr) {
+			return _wstring(*this);
+		}
+		_wstring res;
+		res._str.callocate(size() + str.size() + 1);
+		fennec::wmemcpy(res.data(), _str, size());
+		fennec::wmemcpy(res.data() + size(), str.data(), str.size());
+		return res;
+	}
+
+	constexpr _wstring& operator+=(wchar_t c) {
+		if (_str == nullptr) {
+			_str.callocate(2);
+			_str[0] = c;
+			return *this;
+		}
+		_str.creallocate(capacity() + 1);
+		_str[size() - 1] = c;
 		return *this;
 	}
 
-	constexpr wstring& operator+=(const wcstring& str) {
-		size_t x = size();
-		resize(x + str.size());
-		fennec::wmemcpy(&_str[x], str, str.size());
+	constexpr _wstring& operator+=(const wcstring& cstr) {
+		if (_str == nullptr) {
+			return *this = cstr;
+		}
+		size_t middle = size();
+		_str.creallocate(middle + cstr.size() + 1);
+		fennec::wmemcpy(_str + middle, cstr, cstr.size());
 		return *this;
 	}
 
-	constexpr wstring& operator+=(const wstring& str) {
-		size_t x = size();
-		resize(x + str.size());
-		fennec::wmemcpy(&_str[x], str, str.size());
+	constexpr _wstring& operator+=(const _wstring& str) {
+		if (_str == nullptr) {
+			return *this = str;
+		}
+		if (str.data() == nullptr) {
+			return *this;
+		}
+		size_t middle = size();
+		_str.creallocate(middle + str.size() + 1);
+		fennec::wmemcpy(_str + middle, str.data(), str.size());
 		return *this;
 	}
 
+
 private:
 	alloc_t _str;
 };
 
+template<>
+struct hash<wstring> : hash<byte_array> {
+	constexpr size_t operator()(const string& str) const {
+		return hash<byte_array>::operator()(byte_array(str.data(), str.size()));
+	}
+};
+
 }
 
 
-#endif // FENNEC_FPROC_wstringS_wstring_H
+#endif // FENNEC_LANGPROC_wstringS_WSTRING_H

include/fennec/math/common.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // =====================================================================================================================
 //  fennec, a free and open source game engine
-//  Copyright (C) 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+//  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
 //
 //  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 //  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -269,13 +269,13 @@
 ///
 ///
 
-#include <fennec/math/detail/__math.h>
+#include <fennec/math/detail/_math.h>
 
 #include <fennec/lang/limits.h>
 
 #include <fennec/math/vector.h>
 
-#if _MSC_VER
+#if FENNEC_COMPILER_MSVC
 #define isnanf(x) isnan(x)
 #define isinff(x) isinf(x)
 #endif

include/fennec/math/detail/_fwd.h

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #ifndef FENNEC_MATH_DETAIL_FWD_H
 #define FENNEC_MATH_DETAIL_FWD_H
 
-#include <fennec/math/detail/__types.h>
+#include <fennec/math/detail/_types.h>
 
 namespace fennec
 {
@@ -29,10 +29,10 @@ template<typename ScalarT, size_t RowsV, size_t...ColIndicesV> struct matrix; //
 
 // Simplified interface for creating sized vectors or matrices
 template<typename ScalarT, size_t SizeV> using vec
-	= decltype(detail::__gen_vector<vector, ScalarT>(make_index_sequence<SizeV>{})); // Gets the type returned by this function
+	= decltype(detail::_gen_vector<vector, ScalarT>(make_index_sequence<SizeV>{})); // Gets the type returned by this function
 
 template<typename ScalarT, size_t ColsV, size_t RowsV> using mat
-	= decltype(detail::__gen_matrix<matrix, ScalarT, RowsV>(make_index_sequence<ColsV>{})); // Gets the type returned by this function
+	= decltype(detail::_gen_matrix<matrix, ScalarT, RowsV>(make_index_sequence<ColsV>{})); // Gets the type returned by this function
 
 }
 

include/fennec/math/detail/_matrix.h

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #ifndef FENNEC_MATH_DETAIL_MATRIX_H
 #define FENNEC_MATH_DETAIL_MATRIX_H
 
-#include <fennec/math/detail/__fwd.h>
+#include <fennec/math/detail/_fwd.h>
 
 namespace fennec
 {

include/fennec/math/detail/_types.h

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #ifndef FENNEC_MATH_DETAIL_TYPES_H
 #define FENNEC_MATH_DETAIL_TYPES_H
 
-#include <fennec/lang/sequences.h>
+#include <fennec/lang/const_sequences.h>
 
 namespace fennec
 {
@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ namespace detail
 {
 
 template<template<typename, size_t...> typename VectorT, typename ScalarT, size_t...IndicesV>
-VectorT<ScalarT, IndicesV...> __gen_vector(index_sequence<IndicesV...>); // Helper for substituting a size N with sequence of integers
+VectorT<ScalarT, IndicesV...> _gen_vector(const_index_sequence<IndicesV...>); // Helper for substituting a size N with sequence of integers
 
 
 template<template<typename, size_t...> typename MatrixT, typename ScalarT, size_t RowsV, size_t...IndicesV>
-MatrixT<ScalarT, RowsV, IndicesV...> __gen_matrix(index_sequence<IndicesV...>); // Helper for substituting a size Columns with sequence of integers
+MatrixT<ScalarT, RowsV, IndicesV...> _gen_matrix(const_index_sequence<IndicesV...>); // Helper for substituting a size Columns with sequence of integers
 
 }
 

include/fennec/math/detail/_vector_traits.h

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #ifndef FENNEC_MATH_DETAIL_VECTOR_TRAITS_H
 #define FENNEC_MATH_DETAIL_VECTOR_TRAITS_H
 
-#include <fennec/math/detail/__fwd.h>
+#include <fennec/math/detail/_fwd.h>
 
 #include <fennec/lang/type_traits.h>
 #include <fennec/math/swizzle.h>
@@ -33,46 +33,46 @@ namespace detail
 // Helpers for vector traits
 
 template<typename>
-struct __is_vector_helper
+struct _is_vector_helper
 	: false_type {}; // Default false case
 
 
 template<typename ScalarT, size_t...IndicesV>
-struct __is_vector_helper<vector<ScalarT, IndicesV...>>
+struct _is_vector_helper<vector<ScalarT, IndicesV...>>
 	: true_type {}; // True for vectors
 
 
 template<typename VectorT, typename DataT, typename ScalarT, size_t...IndicesV>
-struct __is_vector_helper<swizzle<VectorT, DataT, ScalarT, IndicesV...>>
+struct _is_vector_helper<swizzle<VectorT, DataT, ScalarT, IndicesV...>>
 	: true_type {}; // True for swizzles
 
 // get number of components of a type
 template<typename>
-struct __component_count_helper;
+struct _component_count_helper;
 
 // numeric types reduce to 1
 template<typename TypeT> requires(is_arithmetic_v<TypeT>)
-struct __component_count_helper<TypeT>
+struct _component_count_helper<TypeT>
 	: integral_constant<size_t, 1> {};
 
 // Vectors reduce to the number of elements
 template<typename ScalarT, size_t...IndicesV>
-struct __component_count_helper<vector<ScalarT, IndicesV...>>
+struct _component_count_helper<vector<ScalarT, IndicesV...>>
 	: integral_constant<size_t, sizeof...(IndicesV)> {};
 
 // Swizzles reduce to number of elements
 template<typename VectorT, typename DataT, typename ScalarT, size_t...IndicesV>
-struct __component_count_helper<swizzle<VectorT, DataT, ScalarT, IndicesV...>>
+struct _component_count_helper<swizzle<VectorT, DataT, ScalarT, IndicesV...>>
 	: integral_constant<size_t, sizeof...(IndicesV)> {};
 
 // Matrices reduce to the number of cells
 template<typename ScalarT, size_t RowsV, size_t...ColIndicesV>
-struct __component_count_helper<matrix<ScalarT, RowsV, ColIndicesV...>>
+struct _component_count_helper<matrix<ScalarT, RowsV, ColIndicesV...>>
 	: integral_constant<size_t, RowsV * sizeof...(ColIndicesV)> {};
 
 // default case reduces to 0
 template<typename>
-struct __component_count_helper
+struct _component_count_helper
 	: integral_constant<size_t, 0> {};
 
 }

include/fennec/math/exponential.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // =====================================================================================================================
 //  fennec, a free and open source game engine
-//  Copyright (C) 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+//  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
 //
 //  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 //  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
 ///
 ///
 
-#include <fennec/math/detail/__math.h>
+#include <fennec/math/detail/_math.h>
 #include <fennec/math/vector.h>
 
 namespace fennec

include/fennec/math/ext/constants.h

@@ -531,7 +531,7 @@
 ///
 ///
 
-#if _MSC_VER
+#if FENNEC_COMPILER_MSVC
 #pragma warning(push)
 #pragma warning(disable:4305)
 #endif

include/fennec/math/geometric.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // =====================================================================================================================
 //  fennec, a free and open source game engine
-//  Copyright (C) 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+//  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
 //
 //  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 //  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by

include/fennec/math/matrix.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // =====================================================================================================================
 //  fennec, a free and open source game engine
-//  Copyright (C) 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+//  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
 //
 //  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 //  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@
 ///
 ///
 
-#include <fennec/math/detail/__fwd.h>
-#include <fennec/math/detail/__matrix.h>
+#include <fennec/math/detail/_fwd.h>
+#include <fennec/math/detail/_matrix.h>
 
 #include <fennec/containers/array.h>
 
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ struct matrix
 	/// \param args
 	template<typename...ArgsT> requires(total_component_count_v<ArgsT...> == num_components)
 	constexpr matrix(ArgsT&&...args) {
-		matrix::__construct(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
+		matrix::_construct(fennec::forward<ArgsT>(args)...);
 	}
 
 	/// @}
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ struct matrix
 	/// \param rhs the vector
 	/// \returns a vector containing the dot products of \f$rhs\f$ with each row of \f$lhs\f$
 	constexpr friend column_t operator*(const matrix_t& lhs, const row_t& rhs) {
-		return __mul(lhs, rhs);
+		return _mul(lhs, rhs);
 	}
 
 	///
@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ struct matrix
 	template<size_t ORowsV, size_t...OColIndicesV> requires(columns == ORowsV)
 	constexpr friend matrix<scalar_t, RowsV, OColIndicesV...> operator*(const matrix_t& lhs, const matrix<scalar_t, ORowsV, OColIndicesV...>& rhs) {
 		return matrix<scalar_t, RowsV, OColIndicesV...>(
-			matrix::__mul(lhs, rhs[OColIndicesV])...
+			matrix::_mul(lhs, rhs[OColIndicesV])...
 		);
 	}
 
@@ -645,43 +645,43 @@ private:
 
 	// ReSharper disable once CppMemberFunctionMayBeStatic
 	template<size_t i0 = 0>
-	constexpr void __construct() {
+	constexpr void _construct() {
 		// base case, does nothing, this will get optimized away
 	}
 
 	// helper for parsing parameter packs
 	template<size_t i0 = 0, typename HeadT, typename...RestT>
-	constexpr void __construct(HeadT&& head, RestT&&...rest) {
-		matrix::__insert<i0>(head); // insert the head element
-		matrix::__construct<i0 + component_count_v<HeadT>>(std::forward<RestT>(rest)...); // propagate to the rest of the arguments
+	constexpr void _construct(HeadT&& head, RestT&&...rest) {
+		matrix::_insert<i0>(head); // insert the head element
+		matrix::_construct<i0 + component_count_v<HeadT>>(std::forward<RestT>(rest)...); // propagate to the rest of the arguments
 	}
 
 	// helper for inserting a scalar value
 	template<size_t i0 = 0>
-	constexpr void __insert(scalar_t s) {
+	constexpr void _insert(scalar_t s) {
 		data[i0 / rows][i0 % rows] = s;
 	}
 
 	// helper for inserting a scalar value of differing type
 	template<size_t i0 = 0, typename OScalarT> requires(is_arithmetic_v<OScalarT>)
-	constexpr void __insert(OScalarT s) {
+	constexpr void _insert(OScalarT s) {
 		data[i0 / rows][i0 % rows] = scalar_t(s);
 	}
 
 	// helper for inserting a vector
 	template<size_t i0 = 0, size_t...i>
-	constexpr void __insert(const vector<scalar_t, i...>& v) {
-		(matrix::__insert<i0 + i>(v[i]), ...);
+	constexpr void _insert(const vector<scalar_t, i...>& v) {
+		(matrix::_insert<i0 + i>(v[i]), ...);
 	}
 
 	// helper for inserting a vector of differing type
 	template<size_t i0 = 0, typename OScalarT, size_t...i>
-	constexpr void __insert(const vector<OScalarT, i...>& v) {
-		(matrix::__insert<i0 + i>(v[i]), ...);
+	constexpr void _insert(const vector<OScalarT, i...>& v) {
+		(matrix::_insert<i0 + i>(v[i]), ...);
 	}
 
 	// helper for a linear algebraic multiply
-	static constexpr column_t __mul(const matrix_t& lhs, const row_t& rhs) {
+	static constexpr column_t _mul(const matrix_t& lhs, const row_t& rhs) {
 		// the compiler will optimize this better than writing out a specific definition
 		// when compared to glm or CxxSwizzle, this is faster by a significant margin
 		// all implementations provide 7 decimal places of precision

include/fennec/math/relational.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // =====================================================================================================================
 //  fennec, a free and open source game engine
-//  Copyright (C) 2025  Medusa Slockbower
+//  Copyright © 2025  Medusa Slockbower
 //
 //  This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 //  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by

include/fennec/math/scalar.h

@@ -59,15 +59,16 @@
 
 #include <fennec/lang/types.h>
 
-#include <fennec/math/detail/__fwd.h>
-#include <fennec/math/detail/__types.h>
+#include <fennec/math/detail/_fwd.h>
+#include <fennec/math/detail/_types.h>
 
 namespace fennec
 {
 
-///
-/// \brief an unsigned integer
-using uint = unsigned int;
+using byte   = uint8_t;
+using ubyte  = uint8_t;
+using ushort = uint16_t;
+using uint   = uint32_t;
 
 }
 

include/fennec/math/swizzle.h

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
 ///
 ///
 
-#include <fennec/lang/sequences.h>
+#include <fennec/lang/const_sequences.h>
 
 #include <fennec/math/swizzle_storage.h>
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ public:
 
 private:
 	template<size_t...VecIndicesV>
-	constexpr VectorT& decay_impl(VectorT& vec, index_sequence<VecIndicesV...>) {
+	constexpr VectorT& decay_impl(VectorT& vec, const_index_sequence<VecIndicesV...>) {
 		return ((vec[VecIndicesV] = this->data[IndicesV]), ..., vec);
 	}
 };

include/fennec/math/trigonometric.h

@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@
 ///
 ///
 
-#include <fennec/math/detail/__math.h>
+#include <fennec/math/detail/_math.h>
 
 namespace fennec
 {